Glossy Buckthorn

Frangula alnus

Found in forested areas, other disturbed areas. Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Northern Tier edition What its natural habitat tells you

-55

Severe harm

Not native to West Virginia. How scores work Is it native here?

Profile 76%

Height: 10–16 feet
Spread: 8–12 feet
Light: Full sun, Partial shade
Soil moisture: Usually moist

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Do not plant. Listed invasive in West Virginia.

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Catawba Rhododendron
Rhododendron catawbiense
Sun: Deep shade, Full sun, Partial shade. Soil: Somewhat dry to moist. Flowers: Yellow, green, pink or purple.
Similar growth form, spread, evergreen or deciduous
Maleberry
Lyonia ligustrina
Sun: Full sun, Partial shade. Soil: Usually moist. Flowers: Pink or white.
Similar height, spread, evergreen or deciduous

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At a glance

Life cycle: Woody perennial
Leaves: Deciduous or evergreen
Bloom: May to June
Fruiting season: July to September

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Recorded in 3 West Virginia counties.

Natural habitats

Places it grows wild. Not a planting requirement. Each habitat page lists the plants and wildlife also found there.

Roadsides, fields and disturbed ground

Ground opened by people: roadsides, old fields, pastures, fencerows and lots.

All habitats

Also found with this plant

Wildlife whose habitat models include habitats this plant grows in, in West Virginia. Shared habitat, not food. 101 animals.

Acadian Flycatcher
Empidonax virescens
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Alder Flycatcher
Empidonax alnorum
Birds. 1 shared habitat
American Crow
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Birds. 1 shared habitat
American Goldfinch
Carduelis tristis
Birds. 1 shared habitat
American Kestrel
Falco sparverius
Birds. 1 shared habitat
American Redstart
Setophaga ruticilla
Birds. 1 shared habitat
American Robin
Turdus migratorius
Birds. 1 shared habitat
American Woodcock
Scolopax minor
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Bald Eagle
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Baltimore Oriole
Icterus galbula
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Barred Owl
Strix varia
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Belted Kingfisher
Megaceryle alcyon
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Black Vulture
Coragyps atratus
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Black-and-White Warbler
Mniotilta varia
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Black-billed Cuckoo
Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Black-capped Chickadee
Poecile atricapillus
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Black-throated Blue Warbler
Dendroica caerulescens
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Black-throated Green Warbler
Dendroica virens
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Blackburnian Warbler
Dendroica fusca
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Blue Grosbeak
Passerina caerulea
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Blue Jay
Cyanocitta cristata
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Polioptila caerulea
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Blue-headed Vireo
Vireo solitarius
Birds. 1 shared habitat
Broad-winged Hawk
Buteo platypterus
Birds. 1 shared habitat

All wildlife of West Virginia

Ecological relationships

Who uses this plant?

What these records mean

17CaterpillarsGenus host records with ranges including WV

Genus host records with ranges including WV · Rhamnus

Antheraea polyphemusPolyphemus Moth
Argyrotaenia quercifolianaYellow-Winged Oak Leafroller Moth, Lined Oak Leafroller
Celastrina luciaLucia Azure
Choristoneura rosaceanaOblique-Banded Leafroller Moth, Rosaceous Leaf Roller
Eupithecia miserulataCommon Eupithacia, Common Pug
Hyphantria cuneaFall Webworm
Iridopsis defectariaBrown-Shaded Gray, Willow Looper
Lacanobia subjunctaSpeckled Arches, Subdues Arches, Harnessed Mamestra, Speckled Cutworm Moth, Grand Arches?(incorrectly)
Melanolophia canadariaCanadian Melanolphia, Variable Redmarked Looper
Orgyia leucostigmaWhite-Marked Tussock Moth

Show all 17

Palthis angulalisDark-Spotted Palthis
Papilio glaucusEastern Tiger Swallowtail
Rhopobota naevanaBlackheaded Fireworm, Holly Bud Moth, Holly Tortrix
Spilosoma virginicaVirginian Tiger Moth, Yellow Woolybear Moth, Yellow Bear
Syndemis afflictanaFall Dead-Leaf Roller, Gray Leafroller, Black-and-Grey Banded Leafroller
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformisEvergreen Bagworm Moth
Triphosa haesitataTissue Moth, Brown Tissue

Shropshire & Tallamy 2025, Lepidoptera of North America north of Mexico, ZooKeys 1261 (ODbL)

—BeesSoutheastern regional records

—Specialist beesPollen specialists

12BirdsRecorded genus food-resource interactions; not a state feeding claim

Recorded genus food-resource interactions; not a state feeding claim · Rhamnus

Aphelocoma californicaCalifornia Scrub-Jay
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillusCactus Wren
Catharus guttatusHermit Thrush
Catharus ustulatusSwainson's Thrush
Ixoreus naeviusVaried Thrush
Meleagris gallopavoWild Turkey
Patagioenas fasciataBand-tailed Pigeon
Sphyrapicus ruberRed-breasted Sapsucker
Toxostoma redivivumCalifornia Thrasher
Turdus migratoriusAmerican Robin

Show all 12

Tyrannus tyrannusEastern Kingbird
Zenaida asiaticaWhite-winged Dove

Hurlbert, Olsen, Sawyer & Winner 2021, Avian Diet Database, Scientific Data 8: 260 (CC0)

Direct food only: birds recorded eating this genus across North America. Caterpillars on host plants also feed nesting birds. NC Native Plant Society: butterfly gardening

Growing and identification

Plant details

Family: Rhamnaceae
Hardiness: Zones 2a–7b
Soil pH: Acidic to alkaline
Flower color: Black, yellow, green or purple
Fruit begins: July
Fruit ends: September

Safety has not been reviewed for this plant; check toxicity and thorns before planting.

Growing sources and scope

Bloom · “May to June” · Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition · Carolinas and Georgia
Flower color · “Black, yellow, green or purple” · NC Extension Plant Toolbox
Fruit begins · “July” · Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition · Carolinas and Georgia
Fruit ends · “September” · Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition · Carolinas and Georgia
Hardiness · “Zones 2a–7b” · NC Extension Plant Toolbox
Height · “10–16 feet” · NC Extension Plant Toolbox (ranked first; Fire Effects Information System: Frangula alnus, Minnesota Wildflowers differ)
Leaves · “Deciduous or evergreen” · NC Extension Plant Toolbox
Life cycle · “Woody perennial” · NC Extension Plant Toolbox
Light · “Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day); Partial shade (direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)” · NC Extension Plant Toolbox
Soil · “Occasionally wet” · NC Extension Plant Toolbox
Soil pH · “Acidic to alkaline” · NC Extension Plant Toolbox
Spread · “8–12 feet” · NC Extension Plant Toolbox

Also known as

European Alder Buck Thorn; Glossy Alder Buck Thorn; buckthorn

Conservation status

West Virginia rank	SNA
Global rank	GNR
WV status	Not verified
Federal status	Not verified

Conservation source Global and federal source