Bird
Least Bittern
Ixobrychus exilis
A summer resident that nests in Virginia. Found in 118 of 133 counties and cities, across 9 habitats.
- Here
- Summer
- Nesting
- Nests here
- Range
- 118 of 133 counties and cities
- Habitats
- 9

At a glance
- Group
- Birds
- Here
- Summer
- Nesting
- Nests here
- Range
- 118 of 133 counties and cities
- Habitats
- 9
- Habitat models
- Summer, Winter
Where it lives
The places its habitat model includes. It is not found everywhere a habitat occurs.
Habitats in Virginia 9
Each habitat page lists the plants and wildlife also found there.
Open sand of beaches, dunes and the hollows between them.
Coastal tidal marshes (salinity not stated)
Tidal marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts where the source does not say whether the water is fresh, brackish or salt. A stated salinity files the marsh under freshwater tidal marshes or salt and brackish marshes instead.
Depression ponds and limesinks
Shallow ponds in Coastal Plain depressions, such as limesinks and the ponds in some Carolina bays, that rise and fall with the seasons.
Disturbed and introduced wetlands
Wet ground taken over by weedy or introduced plants after disturbance, such as common reed, Chinese tallow or tamarisk stands; the upland counterpart is roadsides, fields and disturbed ground.
Floodplain and bottomland forests
Forests on low ground beside rivers and streams that flood from time to time.
Marshes along tidal rivers where the water is fresh but rises and falls with the tide.
Still water and its edges: ponds, lakes, millponds and reservoirs.
Coastal marshes flooded by salty or brackish tides.
Salt and brackish open water of sounds, bays and estuaries, with the mud and sand flats and seagrass beds that tides cover and uncover; the vegetated marsh is salt and brackish marshes.
Other habitats in its models (39)
Land cover, or classes with no habitat page in Virginia. Those recorded in Virginia first, the rest by region.
Elsewhere in the South (13)
- Atlantic Coastal Plain Central Fresh-Oligohaline Tidal Marsh Summer and winter.
- Atlantic Coastal Plain Central Salt and Brackish Tidal Marsh Summer and winter.
- Atlantic Coastal Plain Indian River Lagoon Tidal Marsh Summer and winter.
- Central Florida Herbaceous Pondshore Summer and winter.
- Central Florida Herbaceous Seep Summer and winter.
- Florida Big Bend Fresh-Oligohaline Tidal Marsh Summer and winter.
- Florida Big Bend Salt-Brackish Tidal Marsh Summer and winter.
- Floridian Highlands Freshwater Marsh Summer and winter.
- Mississippi Sound Salt and Brackish Tidal Marsh Summer and winter.
- South Florida Everglades Sawgrass Marsh Summer and winter.
- South Florida Freshwater Slough and Gator Hole Summer and winter.
- South Florida Mangrove Swamp Summer and winter.
- Southern Coastal Plain Herbaceous Seepage Bog Summer and winter.
Northeast (2)
- Great Lakes Freshwater Estuary and Delta Summer and winter.
- Laurentian-Acadian Freshwater Marsh Summer and winter.
Midwest (2)
- Northern Great Lakes Coastal Marsh Summer and winter.
- Western Great Plains Open Freshwater Depression Wetland Summer and winter.
West (10)
- Mediterranean California Serpentine Fen Summer and winter.
- Mediterranean California Subalpine-Montane Fen Summer and winter.
- North American Arid West Emergent Marsh Summer and winter.
- North American Warm Desert Lower Montane Riparian Woodland and Shrubland Summer and winter.
- North Pacific Hypermaritime Shrub and Herbaceous Headland Summer and winter, only within 500 m of water.
- North Pacific Intertidal Freshwater Wetland Summer and winter.
- North Pacific Shrub Swamp Summer and winter.
- Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Fen Summer and winter.
- Temperate Pacific Freshwater Emergent Marsh Summer and winter.
- Temperate Pacific Tidal Salt and Brackish Marsh Summer and winter.
Land cover and other classes (12)
- Acadian Salt Marsh and Estuary Systems Summer and winter.
- Atlantic Coastal Plain Clay-Based Carolina Bay Herbaceous Wetland Summer and winter.
- Central Interior and Appalachian Shrub-Herbaceous Wetland Systems Summer and winter.
- East Gulf Coastal Plain Large River Floodplain Forest - Herbaceous Modifier Summer and winter.
- East Gulf Coastal Plain Southern Depression Pondshore Summer and winter.
- Great Lakes Coastal Marsh Systems Summer and winter.
- Laurentian-Acadian Shrub-Herbaceous Wetland Systems Summer and winter.
- Laurentian-Acadian Swamp Systems Summer and winter.
- Open Water (Aquaculture) Summer and winter.
- South-Central Interior Large Floodplain - Herbaceous Modifier Summer and winter.
- Southern Coastal Plain Nonriverine Basin Swamp - Okefenokee Nupea Modifier Summer and winter.
- Western Great Plains Depressional Wetland Systems Summer and winter.
Seasons in Virginia
- Summer: nests here, in 118 of 133 counties and cities.
Also found in its main habitats
Its main habitats in Virginia, by how much of its habitat model each one is, with the birds most characteristic of each and the plants that grow wild there. Shared habitat, not food.
Freshwater tidal marshes
Birds 78
- Nelson's Sharp-tailed SparrowAmmodramus nelsoni
- Seaside SparrowAmmodramus maritimus
- BrantBranta bernicla
- Purple MartinProgne subis
- Red KnotCalidris canutus
- Yellow RailCoturnicops noveboracensis
- Piping PloverCharadrius melodus
- KilldeerCharadrius vociferus
- Blue-winged TealAnas discors
- Caspian TernHydroprogne caspia
- Common LoonGavia immer
- Common TernSterna hirundo
Plants 30
- Saltmarsh Water-hempAmaranthus cannabinus
- Seashore MallowKosteletzkya pentacarpos
- Riverbank Evening-primroseOenothera riparia
- Long's BittercressCardamine longii
- River BulrushBolboschoenus fluviatilis
- Big CordgrassSpartina cynosuroides
- Coastal Water-hyssopBacopa monnieri
- Beaked SpikerushEleocharis rostellata
- American ReedPhragmites americanus
- Godfrey's SandwortSabulina paludicola
- Eastern GrasswortLilaeopsis chinensis
- Bushy SeedboxLudwigia alternifolia
Ponds, lakes and their shores
Birds 90
- Black TernChlidonias niger
- BuffleheadBucephala albeola
- Common GoldeneyeBucephala clangula
- Common MerganserMergus merganser
- Long-tailed DuckClangula hyemalis
- Great Black-backed GullLarus marinus
- Purple SandpiperCalidris maritima
- SanderlingCalidris alba
- Thayer's GullLarus thayeri
- Black SkimmerRynchops niger
- Black-bellied PloverPluvialis squatarola
- Greater ScaupAythya marila
Plants 210
- Mudbank CrowngrassPaspalum dissectum
- Hooded ArrowheadSagittaria calycina
- Pine-barren False FoxgloveAgalinis virgata
- Northeastern BulrushScirpus ancistrochaetus
- Clasping-leaf PondweedPotamogeton perfoliatus
- Grass-leaved Water PlantainAlisma gramineum
- Pale Spike RushEleocharis olivacea var. olivacea
- Common BladderwortUtricularia macrorhiza
- Water TupeloNyssa aquatica
- Southern Marsh St. John's-wortTriadenum tubulosum
- White Water CrowfootRanunculus aquatilis var. diffusus
- Sessile Fruit ArrowheadSagittaria rigida
Salt and brackish marshes
Birds 89
- Marbled GodwitLimosa fedoa
- Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed SparrowAmmodramus caudacutus
- Short-billed DowitcherLimnodromus griseus
- Wilson's PloverCharadrius wilsonia
- Great Black-backed GullLarus marinus
- Sandwich TernThalasseus sandvicensis
- Seaside SparrowAmmodramus maritimus
- BrantBranta bernicla
- American OystercatcherHaematopus palliatus
- Black SkimmerRynchops niger
- Brown PelicanPelecanus occidentalis
- Eastern Brown PelicanPelecanus occidentalis carolinensis
Plants 50
- Perennial Saltmarsh AsterSymphyotrichum tenuifolium
- Seaside PlantainPlantago maritima var. juncoides
- Wand LoosestrifeLythrum lineare
- Olney's ThreesquareSchoenoplectus americanus
- Saltmarsh CordgrassSpartina alterniflora
- Cyperus filicinusCyperus filicinus
- Sea OxeyeBorrichia frutescens
- Smooth Orach, Maritime Orach, Scotland SaltbushAtriplex glabriuscula
- Saltmarsh SpikerushEleocharis uniglumis
- Heliotropium curassavicum var. curassavicumHeliotropium curassavicum var. curassavicum
- Eastern Alkali Grass, Saltmarsh GoosegrassPuccinellia fasciculata
- Perennial GlasswortSalicornia ambigua
Sources
- USGS Gap Analysis Project habitat models (2001)
- USGS GAP winter habitat model for Least Bittern
- USGS Gap Analysis Project range maps (2001), modeled by watershed; migratory gives no dates
- NatureServe Explorer (CC BY 4.0), habitat names
- US Census TIGER/Line counties
- Names follow the USGS Gap Analysis Project (2001)














































