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Flower visits are a resource-use proxy, not confirmed feeding or pollination. Missing evidence is unknown. Study volume and repeated records earn no extra credit.","maximum_credit":5,"version":"insect-support-1"},"pct":{"bees":0.8746898263027295,"birds":0.9013647642679901,"caterpillars":0.8964019851116626,"specialists":0.890818858560794,"structure":0.5},"rank_pct":0.861,"raw":{"bees":16,"birds":8,"caterpillars":29,"genus_used":["Viola","not"],"specialists":1,"structure":["Forb/herb"]}},"fit_score":null,"native_basis":"native_supported","rarity_adjustment":0,"rarity_policy":"Conservation status is displayed separately and never changes ecological scores, including when unranked.","reason":"Calculated with the shared rules using Virginia host-range and shared ecological evidence.","reference":"NC native reference cohort, method 0.6.4; not a Virginia percentile","score":80,"scoring_inputs":{"harm_penalty":0,"invasive":false,"invasive_rank":null,"native":true,"state_rank":"S5"},"source_ids":["lep_va","globi","bigbee","avian","usdahabit","robertson","antseed"],"status":"scored_provisional","version":"shared-0.6.5"},"condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:86de1d3aaa9b8a94b47e96c96a4ecec9e7fceb18190ef0f3566dbaa61954cb49","levels":[2,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[2,4],"scope":null,"semantics":"source_light_categories_preserved_without_hour_conversion","source_field":"light","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:72d42e0dcd0ee9714aad6f8a5b25d6f581e54844f9ba7bc34d750c1ca9914082","levels":[1,3],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[1,3],"scope":null,"semantics":"source_drainage_or_moisture_categories_preserved","source_field":"soil_drainage","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"ph":{"basis":["Bound printed by the source; 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Speaks for its own area (NC), not this state: Vascular Plants of North Carolina (NC Natural Heritage Program).","native_provenance":{"flags":["over_higher_tier"],"source":"va_atlas","specificity":"state","tier":"published_flora"},"native_status":"native_supported","package_native_status":"native_supported","source_ids":["va_atlas:VA:3694"],"source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","source_refs":["gbif_specimens","natureserve_explorer","va_atlas"],"source_url":"https://vaplantatlas.org/index.php?do=plant&plant=3694","state_rank":"S5"},"source_refs":["gbif_specimens","natureserve_explorer","va_atlas"],"source_url":"https://vaplantatlas.org/index.php?do=plant&plant=3694","state_rank":{"value":"S5"}},"fit_inputs":{"light":[2,4],"moisture":[1,3],"ph":[4.5,6]},"fit_provenance":{"counties":"USDA PLANTS: recorded in 53 NC counties","light":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","moisture":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","ph":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox pH categories (Bound printed by the source; open end from USDA NRCS soil reaction classes)"},"fit_record":{"band":"Keystone","condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:86de1d3aaa9b8a94b47e96c96a4ecec9e7fceb18190ef0f3566dbaa61954cb49","levels":[2,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[2,4],"scope":null,"semantics":"source_light_categories_preserved_without_hour_conversion","source_field":"light","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:72d42e0dcd0ee9714aad6f8a5b25d6f581e54844f9ba7bc34d750c1ca9914082","levels":[1,3],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[1,3],"scope":null,"semantics":"source_drainage_or_moisture_categories_preserved","source_field":"soil_drainage","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"ph":{"basis":["Bound printed by the source; 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Winter annual plants flower chasmogamously first, and then progressively reduce petal size until later flowers are all cleistogamous (with 0 petals and 1 stamen)."},{"field":"identification_notes","source_column":"IdentificationNotes","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3600,"source_table":"Organism","value":"This species is quite easily distinguished from the two widely distributed, introduced pansy species, V. arvensis and V. tricolor , in the absence of basal leaves, its commonly uniformly pale blue corolla and yellow throat, stipules with the terminal lobe slightly larger than but similar in shape to the lateral lobes and with margins entire or with up to 3 crenations per side, and leaf blade short and rather quadrate with margins entire or with up to 2 shallow crenations per side. It differs further from V. arvensis in the petals well surpassing the sepals, a trait it shares with V. tricolor ."},{"field":"heliophily_index","source_column":"HIndex","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3600,"source_table":"Organism","value":8},{"field":"regional_wetland_indicators","source_column":"WetlandStatus1..5","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3600,"source_table":"Organism","value":[{"source_column":"WetlandStatus1","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus2","value":"FAC"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus3","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus4","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus5","value":"FAC"}]},{"field":"wetland_source_note","source_column":"WetlandNote","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3600,"source_table":"Organism","value":"name change"},{"field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_column":"Attr2","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3600,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Dry","Moist"]},{"field":"habitat_light_categories","source_column":"Attr3","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3600,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Partial shade","Full sun"]},{"field":"graphic_key_source_attributes","source_column":"Attr0..25","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3600,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":{"Attr0":"gr09","Attr1":"nc_cp,nc_mt,nc_pd,sc_cp,sc_mt,sc_pd,ga_cp,ga_mt,ga_pd,","Attr12":"e","Attr13":"bil","Attr15":"bl,pur,wh","Attr16":"n","Attr17":"DSS","Attr2":"Dry,Moist","Attr3":"Part,Sun","Attr3a":"y","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_cp:y,native_nc_mt:y,native_nc_pd:y,native_sc_cp:y,native_sc_mt:y,native_sc_pd:y,native_ga_cp:y,native_ga_mt:y,native_ga_pd:y,","Attr4":" 1-6","Attr5":"er","Attr6":"glb,pub","Attr7":"alt","Attr8":"l","Attr9":"in,nr,wi"}}],"values":{"botanical_comments":"Under the ICN, the spelling of the epithet is corrected to ' rafinesquei \". Winter annual plants flower chasmogamously first, and then progressively reduce petal size until later flowers are all cleistogamous (with 0 petals and 1 stamen).","geographic_range_description":"Massachusetts and New York west to South Dakota and Colorado, south to Panhandle Florida, Texas, and Arizona.","graphic_key_source_attributes":{"Attr0":"gr09","Attr1":"nc_cp,nc_mt,nc_pd,sc_cp,sc_mt,sc_pd,ga_cp,ga_mt,ga_pd,","Attr12":"e","Attr13":"bil","Attr15":"bl,pur,wh","Attr16":"n","Attr17":"DSS","Attr2":"Dry,Moist","Attr3":"Part,Sun","Attr3a":"y","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_cp:y,native_nc_mt:y,native_nc_pd:y,native_sc_cp:y,native_sc_mt:y,native_sc_pd:y,native_ga_cp:y,native_ga_mt:y,native_ga_pd:y,","Attr4":" 1-6","Attr5":"er","Attr6":"glb,pub","Attr7":"alt","Attr8":"l","Attr9":"in,nr,wi"},"habitat_description":"Pastures, roadsides, lawns, other disturbed habitats, less commonly in dry rocky woodlands and barrens.","habitat_light_categories":["Partial shade","Full sun"],"habitat_moisture_categories":["Dry","Moist"],"heliophily_index":8,"identification_notes":"This species is quite easily distinguished from the two widely distributed, introduced pansy species, V. arvensis and V. tricolor , in the absence of basal leaves, its commonly uniformly pale blue corolla and yellow throat, stipules with the terminal lobe slightly larger than but similar in shape to the lateral lobes and with margins entire or with up to 3 crenations per side, and leaf blade short and rather quadrate with margins entire or with up to 2 shallow crenations per side. It differs further from V. arvensis in the petals well surpassing the sepals, a trait it shares with V. tricolor .","phenology_source_text":"Chasmogamous flower Feb-May; chasmogamous fruit Mar-May; cleistogamous fruit May-Jun.","regional_wetland_indicators":[{"source_column":"WetlandStatus1","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus2","value":"FAC"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus3","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus4","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus5","value":"FAC"}],"taxonomic_synonymy":"[= Can, K4, POWO, Ballard () (in prep), Ballard, Kartesz, & Nishino (2023); = Viola bicolor Pursh — Ar, Fl2, FNA6, K1, Mo3, NcTx, NS, Pa, Tn, Va, WH3, McKinney & Russell (2002), later homonym; = Viola kitaibeliana Schult. var. rafinesquii (Greene) Fernald — F, Tat; = Viola rafinesquii Greene — C, G, GrPl, Il, RAB, S, S13, Tx, W, WV, unacceptable orthographic variant]","wetland_source_note":"name change"}},"ncsu_sitemap":{"matched_name":"Viola rafinesquei","retrieved":"2026-10-03T22:40:26.598793+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Source-reported species characteristics; not a location-specific estimate.","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_sha256":"8b889ef3ccf031e2d25777bb4c0c58362fb1be750f47718a3dae3c51e9ea7930","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","trait_evidence":[{"expected_source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","field":"hardiness_zones","original_field":"hardiness","record_id":"trait:207074ed3403c6cdfa3451251b4b996c19527758eab58d31b82a8da3acfc7672","retrieved_at":"2026-10-03T22:40:26.598793+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","source_sha256":"8b889ef3ccf031e2d25777bb4c0c58362fb1be750f47718a3dae3c51e9ea7930","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:df4ac86d-75a7-5a9a-aa00-fec6a0f4d7a4","value":["4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b"]},{"expected_source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","field":"light","original_field":"light","record_id":"trait:3b2eba50560583d6dda67a7ae4c8b355fda95ce982b8bd41954c88f2a4e405ec","retrieved_at":"2026-10-03T22:40:26.598793+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","source_sha256":"8b889ef3ccf031e2d25777bb4c0c58362fb1be750f47718a3dae3c51e9ea7930","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:df4ac86d-75a7-5a9a-aa00-fec6a0f4d7a4","value":["Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)","Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)"]},{"expected_source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","field":"moisture_categories","original_field":"soil_moisture","record_id":"trait:be3a63b9c45ab961a76058271fc5327ad99c6ad507bee484f50f6114a9b0d4b3","retrieved_at":"2026-10-03T22:40:26.598793+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","source_sha256":"8b889ef3ccf031e2d25777bb4c0c58362fb1be750f47718a3dae3c51e9ea7930","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:df4ac86d-75a7-5a9a-aa00-fec6a0f4d7a4","value":["Moist","Occasionally Dry"]},{"expected_source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","field":"flower_color","original_field":"flower_color","record_id":"trait:df7375fe0168fca6ba57baeeacff67516dfd4d563fddbb2e74b3a8afd4bf7435","retrieved_at":"2026-10-03T22:40:26.598793+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","source_sha256":"8b889ef3ccf031e2d25777bb4c0c58362fb1be750f47718a3dae3c51e9ea7930","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:df4ac86d-75a7-5a9a-aa00-fec6a0f4d7a4","value":["Blue","White"]},{"expected_source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","field":"soil_ph_categories","original_field":"soil_ph","record_id":"trait:e636ac498be5086394fcb5bc965bbe103971a7a2869a9f80f91714d0ea574fc1","retrieved_at":"2026-10-03T22:40:26.598793+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","source_sha256":"8b889ef3ccf031e2d25777bb4c0c58362fb1be750f47718a3dae3c51e9ea7930","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:df4ac86d-75a7-5a9a-aa00-fec6a0f4d7a4","value":["Acid (<6.0)"]},{"expected_source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","field":"life_cycle","original_field":"life_cycle","record_id":"trait:fa9145550204f3cb302d99e2b973ff867891663a936fbd436bb13aeb514d738c","retrieved_at":"2026-10-03T22:40:26.598793+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","source_sha256":"8b889ef3ccf031e2d25777bb4c0c58362fb1be750f47718a3dae3c51e9ea7930","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-rafinesquei/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:df4ac86d-75a7-5a9a-aa00-fec6a0f4d7a4","value":["Annual","Perennial"]}],"values":{"flower_color":["Blue","White"],"hardiness_zones":["4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b"],"life_cycle":["Annual","Perennial"],"light":["Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)","Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)"],"moisture_categories":["Moist","Occasionally Dry"],"soil_ph_categories":["Acid (<6.0)"]}},"wildflower_center":{"matched_name":"Viola bicolor","retrieved":"2026-10-03T21:59:00.127240+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Source-reported species characteristics; not a location-specific estimate.","source_label":"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center","source_sha256":"af64b534fd5f16a2c344f2ec678fedbf48ee7194576538cd9fc4b9111608ddb9","source_url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=VIBI","trait_evidence":[{"expected_source_name":"Viola bicolor","field":"flower_color","original_field":"flower_color","record_id":"trait:090e2e66aa874bb1c09188a88938f57357dc2e3adabc2c7a5bf1cc0465e453d6","retrieved_at":"2026-10-03T21:59:00.127240+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"wildflower","source_name":"Viola bicolor","source_sha256":"af64b534fd5f16a2c344f2ec678fedbf48ee7194576538cd9fc4b9111608ddb9","source_url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=VIBI","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:a8c8ec64-79d1-5079-9f01-a89678cea593","value":["Yellow","Violet"]},{"expected_source_name":"Viola bicolor","field":"life_cycle","original_field":"life_cycle","record_id":"trait:ad5a47de15c4dd9c47fe0487718aae79beb75ca446c2af393e08abf8cae6b5d5","retrieved_at":"2026-10-03T21:59:00.127240+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"wildflower","source_name":"Viola bicolor","source_sha256":"af64b534fd5f16a2c344f2ec678fedbf48ee7194576538cd9fc4b9111608ddb9","source_url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=VIBI","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:a8c8ec64-79d1-5079-9f01-a89678cea593","value":["Annual"]},{"expected_source_name":"Viola bicolor","field":"height_description","original_field":"height","record_id":"trait:bd6016bb520b331b21a0ab84838dcc31351ed9bd573d75ef349628ed35ca13a2","retrieved_at":"2026-10-03T21:59:00.127240+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"wildflower","source_name":"Viola bicolor","source_sha256":"af64b534fd5f16a2c344f2ec678fedbf48ee7194576538cd9fc4b9111608ddb9","source_url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=VIBI","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:a8c8ec64-79d1-5079-9f01-a89678cea593","value":{"approximate":true,"kind":"upper_bound","max":1,"unit":"feet"}}],"values":{"flower_color":["Yellow","Violet"],"height_description":"Up to about 1 feet","life_cycle":["Annual"]}}},"light_range":["part shade","full sun"],"light_source":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","native_synthesis":{"claims":[{"claim":"native","flag":"N","matched_name":"Viola rafinesquei","scope":"VA","source":"va_atlas","url":"https://vaplantatlas.org/index.php?do=plant&plant=3694"},{"claim":"native","matched_name":"Viola rafinesquei","scope":"L48","source":"usda","text":"CAN:I CAN:N L48:N","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"},{"claim":"native","matched_name":"Viola rafinesquei","scope":"NC","source":"nc_flora","url":"https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/"},{"claim":"native","matched_name":"Viola rafinesquii","scope":"NC","source":"nc_flora","url":"https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/"},{"basis":"native range text in the regional flora","claim":"native","scope":"DC-DE-IL-IN-KY-MD-NJ-NY-OH-PA-VA-WV","source":"floraquest_northern_tier","text":"Massachusetts and New York west to South Dakota and Colorado, south to Panhandle Florida, Texas, and Arizona.","url":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.emountainworks.android.midatlanticfieldguide"},{"basis":"NatureServe subnational native or exotic flag for this state","claim":"native","matched_name":"Viola bicolor","scope":"VA","source":"natureserve_explorer","srank":"S5","url":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144558/Viola_bicolor"}],"county_native_range":"unresolved","decided_by":"va_atlas","explanation":"Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora (published flora, state claim) gives the value, over a broader claim from a higher tier. Speaks for its own area (NC), not this state: Vascular Plants of North Carolina (NC Natural Heritage Program).","label":"Native to Virginia (state-specific source)","provenance":{"flags":["over_higher_tier"],"source":"va_atlas","specificity":"state","tier":"published_flora"},"rule":"fact-hierarchy-2","status":"native_supported"},"source_name":"Viola rafinesquei","taxon_id":"taxon:df4ac86d-75a7-5a9a-aa00-fec6a0f4d7a4","revision":"publish:903368a2-17ec-496c-89d2-a217f30d9dda","photos":[{"id":"inat-16132902","src":"/api/photos/image/30e7ee326d3e02427f37bf31f2ad1a44b548af4a7a32fe24ee3329c1d3965639.jpg","view":"other","alt":"Viola rafinesquei — flower/foliage photograph","width":500,"height":375,"artist":"(c) Katja Schulz, some rights reserved (CC BY)","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","source_url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/16132902","changes":"iNaturalist medium image; no additional crop, retouching, or re-encoding.","kind":"photo"}]}