{"assessment":{"band":"Not native","fit_score":null,"native_basis":"not_native","rarity_adjustment":null,"rarity_policy":"Conservation status is displayed separately and never changes ecological scores, including when unranked.","reason":"Reported non-native to Virginia.","reference":"NC native reference cohort, method 0.6.4; not a Virginia percentile","score":null,"scoring_inputs":{"harm_penalty":0,"invasive":false,"invasive_rank":null,"native":false,"state_rank":"SNA"},"status":"not_native","version":"shared-0.6.5"},"condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:1b46b64c0899c854372d30d6e61caa1856e6ccd99a1b150bf790c12c9dec5239","levels":[2,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[2,4],"scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"semantics":"source_light_categories_preserved_without_hour_conversion","source_field":"light","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rhamnus-cathartica/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:1b45048a690e8a108c1ebe5c0f46de88509ed9cab78ec10f569f8679aa14c97a","levels":[1,3],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[1,3],"scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"semantics":"source_drainage_or_moisture_categories_preserved","source_field":"moisture_categories","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rhamnus-cathartica/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"ph":{"basis":["Bound printed by the source; 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Reported for Virginia by Harvill et al. 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Reported for Virginia by Harvill et al. (1991), but the report was actually based on specimens of R. davurica (Virginia Botanical Associates 2019); bonafide specimens have since been found in Arlington, Giles, Tazewell, and Wythe counties (Virginia Botanical Associates 2019); reported as \"now escaping and widespread near Roaches Run\", Arlington County, Virginia (Steury 2011).","graphic_key_source_attributes":{"Attr0":"gr14","Attr1":"nc_pd,","Attr11":"pin","Attr12":"unl","Attr13":"to","Attr14":"Bl5,Bl9","Attr15":"lh,wh","Attr16":"n","Attr17":"rad","Attr18":"4","Attr19":"gr,wh,ye","Attr2":"Dry,Moist,Wet","Attr20":"y","Attr21":"F1","Attr3":"Part,Shade,Sun","Attr3a":"n","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_pd:n,","Attr4":" 3-7","Attr5":"s,t","Attr6":"x","Attr7":"n","Attr8":"alt,opp","Attr9":"sim"},"habitat_description":"Disturbed areas.","habitat_light_categories":["Partial shade","Full shade","Full sun"],"habitat_moisture_categories":["Dry","Moist","Wet"],"heliophily_index":6,"phenology_source_text":"Apr-Jun.","regional_wetland_indicators":[{"source_column":"WetlandStatus1","value":"FAC"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus2","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus3","value":"FAC"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus4","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus5","value":"FACU"}],"taxonomic_synonymy":"[= C, Can, F, FNA12, G, GrPl, Il, K1, K4, Mi, Mo3, NE, NS, NY, Pa, POWO, Tat, Tn, Va, Brizicky (1964a), Hauenschild et al (2016b); = n/a — RAB]"}},"forest_service":{"identity_basis":"Exact existing catalog or state-source name","matched_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","retrieved":"2026-10-01T13:43:09.905535+00:00","scope":"Source botanical description; original units and scope retained","scoring_allowed":false,"source_label":"Fire Effects Information System: Rhamnus cathartica","source_sha256":"07b5be7d75ce621ebc33fc09510857af410c46f144161badd6662e2285a4595f","source_url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/rhaspp","trait_evidence":[{"catalog_id":"nc:rhamnus-cathartica","field":"height_description","height_description":"The shrub form typically ranges from about 3 to 13 feet (1-4 m) tall [6,35,77,202], sometimes up to 16 to 20 feet (5-6 m) [38,68,77,200]. The tree form typically reaches about 16 to 26 feet (5-8 m) tall [38,54,68,77,200,242] and 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter [54].","life_stage":"general_botanical_description","matched_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","paragraph_sha256":"c1751bb4b660fc419e82c48f60b66c2fe57df27dcd8cf90f239e816c27c11343","retrieved":"2026-10-01T13:43:09.905535+00:00","review_status":"reviewed","source_quote":"Common buckthorn is a large shrub [6,35,38,68,77,77,200,202] or small tree [38,54,68,77,200,242]. It is a polymorphic species within its native range, likely due to hybridization with other buckthorns [120]. In North America, common buckthorn is described as a large, coarse shrub [26,200], often as wide as high [202], with many stems [71] and many branches [77,202], or with a single main stem and ascending branches [35] (see Plant Architecture and Stand Structure). The shrub form typically ranges from about 3 to 13 feet (1-4 m) tall [6,35,77,202], sometimes up to 16 to 20 feet (5-6 m) [38,68,77,200]. The tree form typically reaches about 16 to 26 feet (5-8 m) tall [38,54,68,77,200,242] and 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter [54]. Common buckthorn individuals are typically less than 13 feet (4 m) tall in Canada [175]. A common buckthorn tree reached 61 feet (~19 m) tall in Ann Arbor, Michigan [48]. Mature common buckthorn plants have long, somewhat angled shoots [175] with branches forming almost right angles with the main stem [71]. Branchlets are stout [200] and semirigid [202], 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter, and slightly flattened [202]. Many branches end in a single, small thorn [35,38,54,68,200,230] ranging from 0.2 to 0.9 inch (0.5-2.2 cm) long [175]. Young common buckthorn bark is smooth [202]; older bark is somewhat scaly [71,202] or fissured [71].","source_section":"Rhamnus cathartica, R. davurica, nonnative buckthorns: common buckthorn, Dahurian buckthorn / Botanical Description / Common Buckthorn / Aboveground Description","source_sha256":"07b5be7d75ce621ebc33fc09510857af410c46f144161badd6662e2285a4595f","source_title":"Fire Effects Information System: Rhamnus cathartica","source_url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/rhaspp"}],"values":{"height_description":"The shrub form typically ranges from about 3 to 13 feet (1-4 m) tall [6,35,77,202], sometimes up to 16 to 20 feet (5-6 m) [38,68,77,200]. The tree form typically reaches about 16 to 26 feet (5-8 m) tall [38,54,68,77,200,242] and 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter [54]."}},"minnesota_wildflowers":{"matched_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","retrieved":"2026-10-04T02:39:14.497591+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Source-reported species characteristics; not a location-specific estimate.","source_label":"Minnesota Wildflowers","source_sha256":"885a6a3844cb0986509352a94fe867959ed3c436336e584db026774b5fbd5198","source_url":"https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/tree/common-buckthorn","trait_evidence":[{"expected_source_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","field":"height_description","original_field":"height","record_id":"trait:117796b68a99b45730b5566b617b723094b9477ddf568fe1751eed0a58e3a1e3","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:39:14.497591+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"minnesota","source_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","source_sha256":"885a6a3844cb0986509352a94fe867959ed3c436336e584db026774b5fbd5198","source_url":"https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/tree/common-buckthorn","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:15eab8b5-2d8e-5cca-9574-bc090be55986","value":{"kind":"upper_bound","max":20,"unit":"feet"}},{"expected_source_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","field":"life_cycle","original_field":"life_cycle","record_id":"trait:54361d5f833f1885433863c6d49a828b2cd8955d23f9b1883ffcd845ee506039","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:39:14.497591+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"minnesota","source_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","source_sha256":"885a6a3844cb0986509352a94fe867959ed3c436336e584db026774b5fbd5198","source_url":"https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/tree/common-buckthorn","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:15eab8b5-2d8e-5cca-9574-bc090be55986","value":["perennial woody"]}],"values":{"height_description":"Up to 20 feet","life_cycle":["perennial woody"]}},"ncsu_sitemap":{"matched_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","retrieved":"2026-10-04T02:43:16.755618+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Source-reported species characteristics; not a location-specific estimate.","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_sha256":"322f5831a60f9f4d41f81846b33bc82c46468c09f04400b7c3a1780287864991","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rhamnus-cathartica/","trait_evidence":[{"expected_source_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","field":"spread_description","original_field":"spread","record_id":"trait:1222484c8aae38b16fe800256636117ae937d8641da57477c2c728a6ea6d65f9","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:43:16.755618+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","source_sha256":"322f5831a60f9f4d41f81846b33bc82c46468c09f04400b7c3a1780287864991","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rhamnus-cathartica/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:15eab8b5-2d8e-5cca-9574-bc090be55986","value":{"max":20,"min":15,"unit":"feet"}},{"expected_source_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","field":"light","original_field":"light","record_id":"trait:3b7f84405b30887056a93cadc244d8c034dc7a9f38788a5d3caf2f163007abe6","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:43:16.755618+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","source_sha256":"322f5831a60f9f4d41f81846b33bc82c46468c09f04400b7c3a1780287864991","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rhamnus-cathartica/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:15eab8b5-2d8e-5cca-9574-bc090be55986","value":["Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)","Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)"]},{"expected_source_name":"Rhamnus cathartica","field":"soil_ph_categories","original_field":"soil_ph","record_id":"trait:42284663d974de74b1c5a96a25078afdd95441e7e3d25233901a376b8cbbc345","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:43:16.755618+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; 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