{"assessment":{"band":"Strong","factor_identity":{"basis":"source accepted identity; genus-level evidence","growth_habit_source":"USDA PLANTS","name_used":"Opuntia cespitosa"},"factor_scopes":{"bees":"Southeastern North America","birds":"North America","caterpillars":"Host genera of native Lepidoptera with established Virginia range; association and range overlap, not confirmed local feeding.","specialists":"Eastern North America","structure":"USDA species growth habit where matched; otherwise sourced atlas growth habit"},"factors":{"applied_insect_credit":0,"baseline_score":72,"composite":0.789,"insect_support":{"credit":0,"groups":{"ants":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Ants","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"beetles":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Beetles","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"flies":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Flies","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"moths_butterflies":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Adult butterflies / moths","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"other_hymenoptera":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Other wasps","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"other_insects":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Other insects","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"}},"interpretation":"One provisional point per additional documented insect group, capped at five. Flower visits are a resource-use proxy, not confirmed feeding or pollination. Missing evidence is unknown. Study volume and repeated records earn no extra credit.","maximum_credit":5,"version":"insect-support-1"},"pct":{"bees":0.9286600496277916,"birds":0.826302729528536,"caterpillars":0.6612903225806451,"specialists":0.9640198511166254},"rank_pct":0.775,"raw":{"bees":25,"birds":4,"caterpillars":5,"genus_used":null,"specialists":5,"structure":null}},"fit_score":null,"native_basis":"native_supported","rarity_adjustment":0,"rarity_policy":"Conservation status is displayed separately and never changes ecological scores, including when unranked.","reason":"Calculated with the shared rules using Virginia host-range and shared ecological evidence.","reference":"NC native reference cohort, method 0.6.4; not a Virginia percentile","score":72,"scoring_inputs":{"harm_penalty":0,"invasive":false,"invasive_rank":null,"native":true,"state_rank":""},"source_ids":["lep_va","globi","bigbee","avian","usdahabit","robertson","antseed"],"status":"scored_provisional","version":"shared-0.6.5"},"condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:e45a3b5778b5fa318bc6666da3da86bc2f017f7ba8fbf9e623e67aacf3c29800","levels":[4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[4,4],"scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"semantics":"documented_native_habitat_conditions","source_field":"habitat_light_categories","source_label":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition","source_url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:3d9e39b76ae979a02e213838ef0126cf9cb105403512c7bbbf856363ad164e1a","levels":[0,3],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[0,3],"scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"semantics":"documented_native_habitat_conditions","source_field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_label":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition","source_url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"}},"evidence":{"fit_score":null,"growth_habit":null,"invasive_status":{"status":"unresolved"},"native_status":{"status":"native_supported"},"occurrence":{"county_fips":["51059","51069","51105","51139","51163","51169","51197"],"meaning":"Recorded occurrence; not a county native-range assertion"},"quercus_score":null,"regional":{"county_fips":["51059","51069","51105","51139","51163","51169","51197"],"growth_habit":null,"growth_habit_source":null,"invasive":null,"invasive_evidence":[],"invasive_rank":null,"native":true,"native_basis":"state_source","native_decided_by":"va_atlas","native_evidence":[{"claim":"native","flag":"N","matched_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","scope":"VA","source":"va_atlas","url":"https://vaplantatlas.org/index.php?do=plant&plant=4616"},{"basis":"species account without the alien asterisk","claim":"native_distribution","matched_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","scope":"AL-AR-DC-DE-FL-GA-KY-LA-MD-MS-NC-NJ-PA-SC-TN-VA-WV","source":"weakley_fsus","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"Native field of the Northern Tier edition; the state is in its distribution","claim":"native","record_id":9715,"scope":"DC-DE-IL-IN-KY-MD-NJ-NY-OH-PA-VA-WV","source":"floraquest_northern_tier","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"}],"native_explanation":"Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora (published flora, state claim) gives the value.","native_provenance":{"flags":["filled_down"],"source":"va_atlas","specificity":"state","tier":"published_flora"},"native_status":"native_supported","package_native_status":"native_supported","source_ids":["va_atlas:VA:4616"],"source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","source_refs":["gbif_specimens","va_atlas"],"source_url":"https://vaplantatlas.org/index.php?do=plant&plant=4616","state_rank":null},"source_refs":["gbif_specimens","va_atlas"],"source_url":"https://vaplantatlas.org/index.php?do=plant&plant=4616","state_rank":{"value":null}},"fit_inputs":{"light":[4,4],"moisture":[0,3],"ph":null},"fit_provenance":{"light":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition","moisture":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition"},"fit_record":{"band":"Strong","condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:e45a3b5778b5fa318bc6666da3da86bc2f017f7ba8fbf9e623e67aacf3c29800","levels":[4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[4,4],"scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"semantics":"documented_native_habitat_conditions","source_field":"habitat_light_categories","source_label":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition","source_url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:3d9e39b76ae979a02e213838ef0126cf9cb105403512c7bbbf856363ad164e1a","levels":[0,3],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[0,3],"scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"semantics":"documented_native_habitat_conditions","source_field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_label":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition","source_url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"}},"county_fips":["01007","01009","01033","01041","01059","01071","01083","01087","01095","01103","01105","01111","21009","21017","21031","21051","21061","21065","21067","21113","21141","21143","21151","21195","21221","21227","47009","47037","47039","47041","47047","47049","47051","47055","47075","47087","47089","47093","47115","47117","47119","47125","47135","47145","47149","47157","47161","47165","47189","51059","51069","51105","51139","51163","51169","51197"],"fit_inputs":{"light":[4,4],"moisture":[0,3],"ph":null},"fit_note":"Shared sunlight, moisture and pH calculation; county geography is an additional layer. Missing source traits remain unknown.","fit_provenance":{"light":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition","moisture":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition"},"garden_suitability":{"default_excluded":false,"flags":[],"review_status":"not_assessed","suggestions_excluded":false},"invasive_rank":false,"native_eligible":true,"quercus_score":72,"state":"VA"},"garden_suitability":{"default_excluded":false,"flags":[],"review_status":"not_assessed","suggestions_excluded":false},"growing_observations":{"floraquest_carolinas_georgia":{"matched_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","retrieved":"2026-10-04T13:31:16.252589+00:00","scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"scope_note":"Original regional ecological and identification evidence; no location-specific gardening adjustments.","source_label":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition","source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","source_record_id":9715,"source_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/","trait_evidence":[{"field":"habitat_description","source_column":"HabitatText","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":9715,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Limestone and chalk outcrops, dolomite outcrops, glades, sandy or blackland prairies, upland hardwood or mixed hardwood-pine forests in dry, clay soils."},{"field":"geographic_range_description","source_column":"Description","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":9715,"source_table":"Organism","value":"This is the most common species (a tetraploid, 2 n = 44) in the eastern United States; it has traditionally been considered conspecific with O. humifusa . O. cespitosa is most common west of the Appalachian Mountains and is found throughout most of the Midwestern states, east of the Mississippi river."},{"field":"phenology_source_text","source_column":"Phenology","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":9715,"source_table":"Organism","value":"May-Jun; Aug-Dec (-Feb)."},{"field":"taxonomic_synonymy","source_column":"Synonymy","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":9715,"source_table":"Organism","value":"[= Can, K4, NSProv, NY, POWO, Majure et al (2017); = Opuntia rafinesquei Engelmann; Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. — RAB; > Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. — WV; Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. var. compressa — G; > Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. var. fusco-atra (Engelm.) Weniger — Weniger (1984); > Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. var. grandiflora (Engelm.) Weniger — Weniger (1984); > Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. var. microsperma (Engelm.) L.D.Benson; Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. — C, F, GrPl, Il, Mi, Pa, Tn, W, WH3; > Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. — S13, Ward (2009e); > Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. ssp. minor (Engelm.) R.Crook & Mottram; Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. var. humifusa — FNA4, K1, Va, Benson (1982), Doyle (1990); > Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. var. microsperma (Engelm.) A.Heller; > Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. var. parva A. Heller; > Opuntia mesacantha Raf. var. microsperma (Engelm.) J.M.Coult.; > Opuntia mesacantha Raf. var. parva J.M.Coult.; > Opuntia opuntia (L.) H.Karst. — S, Britton & Rose (1937); > Opuntia rafinesqueii Engelmann var. microsperma Engelmann; > Opuntia rafinesqueii Engelmann var. minor Engelmann]"},{"field":"identification_notes","source_column":"IdentificationNotes","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":9715,"source_table":"Organism","value":"O. cespitosa can be differentiated from O. humifusa by its yellow tepals that are basally tinged red, crimson or red-brown, as well as dark brown or red glochids and the presence of spines (note: populations in Bibb Co., AL tend to have lighter colored glochids as in O. humifusa or O. mesacantha ). Vegetatively, it is most similar to O. mesacantha ssp . mesacantha , from which this allopolyploid may be partially derived, although floral features are quite different, and O. cespitosa does not have the strongly retrorsely-barbed spines common in O. mesacantha . This species also can be confused with certain forms of O. macrorhiza , another putative parent of O. cespitosa ; both species have yellow inner tepals basally tinged red adaxially."},{"field":"heliophily_index","source_column":"HIndex","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":9715,"source_table":"Organism","value":9},{"field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_column":"Attr2","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":9715,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Dry","Moist"]},{"field":"habitat_light_categories","source_column":"Attr3","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":9715,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Full sun"]},{"field":"graphic_key_source_attributes","source_column":"Attr0..25","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":9715,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":{"Attr0":"gr11","Attr1":"ga_mt,","Attr10":"A","Attr11":"G","Attr12":"AS","Attr13":"CU","Attr14":"R,Y","Attr2":"Dry,Moist","Attr3":"Sun","Attr3a":"y","Attr3a_subregion":"native_ga_mt:y,","Attr4":" 4-7","Attr5":"S","Attr6":"A","Attr7":"S","Attr8":"F","Attr9":"D"}},{"field":"bloom_season","source_column":"Phenology","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":9715,"source_table":"Organism","value":"May to June"}],"values":{"bloom_season":"May to June","geographic_range_description":"This is the most common species (a tetraploid, 2 n = 44) in the eastern United States; it has traditionally been considered conspecific with O. humifusa . O. cespitosa is most common west of the Appalachian Mountains and is found throughout most of the Midwestern states, east of the Mississippi river.","graphic_key_source_attributes":{"Attr0":"gr11","Attr1":"ga_mt,","Attr10":"A","Attr11":"G","Attr12":"AS","Attr13":"CU","Attr14":"R,Y","Attr2":"Dry,Moist","Attr3":"Sun","Attr3a":"y","Attr3a_subregion":"native_ga_mt:y,","Attr4":" 4-7","Attr5":"S","Attr6":"A","Attr7":"S","Attr8":"F","Attr9":"D"},"habitat_description":"Limestone and chalk outcrops, dolomite outcrops, glades, sandy or blackland prairies, upland hardwood or mixed hardwood-pine forests in dry, clay soils.","habitat_light_categories":["Full sun"],"habitat_moisture_categories":["Dry","Moist"],"heliophily_index":9,"identification_notes":"O. cespitosa can be differentiated from O. humifusa by its yellow tepals that are basally tinged red, crimson or red-brown, as well as dark brown or red glochids and the presence of spines (note: populations in Bibb Co., AL tend to have lighter colored glochids as in O. humifusa or O. mesacantha ). Vegetatively, it is most similar to O. mesacantha ssp . mesacantha , from which this allopolyploid may be partially derived, although floral features are quite different, and O. cespitosa does not have the strongly retrorsely-barbed spines common in O. mesacantha . This species also can be confused with certain forms of O. macrorhiza , another putative parent of O. cespitosa ; both species have yellow inner tepals basally tinged red adaxially.","phenology_source_text":"May-Jun; Aug-Dec (-Feb).","taxonomic_synonymy":"[= Can, K4, NSProv, NY, POWO, Majure et al (2017); = Opuntia rafinesquei Engelmann; Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. — RAB; > Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. — WV; Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. var. compressa — G; > Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. var. fusco-atra (Engelm.) Weniger — Weniger (1984); > Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. var. grandiflora (Engelm.) Weniger — Weniger (1984); > Opuntia compressa (Salisb.) J.F.Macbr. var. microsperma (Engelm.) L.D.Benson; Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. — C, F, GrPl, Il, Mi, Pa, Tn, W, WH3; > Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. — S13, Ward (2009e); > Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. ssp. minor (Engelm.) R.Crook & Mottram; Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. var. humifusa — FNA4, K1, Va, Benson (1982), Doyle (1990); > Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. var. microsperma (Engelm.) A.Heller; > Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. var. parva A. Heller; > Opuntia mesacantha Raf. var. microsperma (Engelm.) J.M.Coult.; > Opuntia mesacantha Raf. var. parva J.M.Coult.; > Opuntia opuntia (L.) H.Karst. — S, Britton & Rose (1937); > Opuntia rafinesqueii Engelmann var. microsperma Engelmann; > Opuntia rafinesqueii Engelmann var. minor Engelmann]"}},"wildflower_center":{"display_withheld_fields":["light","soil"],"field_quality_flags":{"light":["Existing displayed guidance retained; incoming source differs"],"moisture_categories":["Existing displayed guidance retained; incoming source differs"]},"matched_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","retrieved":"2026-10-05T19:47:12.870308+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Source-reported species characteristics; not a location-specific estimate.","source_label":"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center","source_sha256":"5c5aa935800bce08ce9e45e5144a43237282fb3ce733b2c88f82b663468e0dc6","source_url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=OPCE","trait_evidence":[{"expected_source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","field":"light","original_field":"light","record_id":"trait:159ee77c51b3d23bc278b03a195fc3d5756d82cc5cf5b7f27ed0c61147a929ee","retrieved_at":"2026-10-05T19:47:12.870308+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"wildflower","source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","source_sha256":"5c5aa935800bce08ce9e45e5144a43237282fb3ce733b2c88f82b663468e0dc6","source_url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=OPCE","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:8bac56b1-e839-530f-bfb8-76551df13967","value":["Sun"]},{"expected_source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","field":"moisture_categories","original_field":"soil_moisture","record_id":"trait:17414b633f4fad85decc10080034d2043e31a75734e12044b21c7eae49528935","retrieved_at":"2026-10-05T19:47:12.870308+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"wildflower","source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","source_sha256":"5c5aa935800bce08ce9e45e5144a43237282fb3ce733b2c88f82b663468e0dc6","source_url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=OPCE","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:8bac56b1-e839-530f-bfb8-76551df13967","value":["Dry"]},{"expected_source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","field":"height_description","original_field":"height","record_id":"trait:46372a7ac876d7a9924b368aac4fe7012284c681266404cec19b21d6b1f4c3b0","retrieved_at":"2026-10-05T19:47:12.870308+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"wildflower","source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","source_sha256":"5c5aa935800bce08ce9e45e5144a43237282fb3ce733b2c88f82b663468e0dc6","source_url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=OPCE","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:8bac56b1-e839-530f-bfb8-76551df13967","value":{"approximate":true,"kind":"upper_bound","max":1.5,"unit":"feet"}},{"expected_source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","field":"leaf_habit","original_field":"leaf_habit","record_id":"trait:475f7f505d4b0e89f70de2ea713a0113c14cb511f188964f4ef49a07f33567e1","retrieved_at":"2026-10-05T19:47:12.870308+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"wildflower","source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","source_sha256":"5c5aa935800bce08ce9e45e5144a43237282fb3ce733b2c88f82b663468e0dc6","source_url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=OPCE","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:8bac56b1-e839-530f-bfb8-76551df13967","value":["Evergreen"]},{"expected_source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","field":"life_cycle","original_field":"life_cycle","record_id":"trait:ba1e5045b895e30bb3b9cf2421e89468c0fb0d8da12d45b0b38f5dc83350617d","retrieved_at":"2026-10-05T19:47:12.870308+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; 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the state is in its distribution","claim":"native","record_id":9715,"scope":"DC-DE-IL-IN-KY-MD-NJ-NY-OH-PA-VA-WV","source":"floraquest_northern_tier","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"}],"county_native_range":"unresolved","decided_by":"va_atlas","explanation":"Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora (published flora, state claim) gives the value.","label":"Native to Virginia (state-specific source)","provenance":{"flags":["filled_down"],"source":"va_atlas","specificity":"state","tier":"published_flora"},"rule":"fact-hierarchy-2","status":"native_supported"},"source_name":"Opuntia cespitosa","taxon_id":"taxon:8bac56b1-e839-530f-bfb8-76551df13967","revision":"publish:cdb975f5-333c-4482-92bd-514ef43ee9c3","photos":[]}