{"assessment":{"band":"Strong","factor_identity":{"basis":"approved shared identity","growth_habit_source":"USDA PLANTS","name_used":"Silphium perfoliatum"},"factor_scopes":{"bees":"Southeastern North America","birds":"North America","caterpillars":"Host genera of native Lepidoptera with established South Carolina range; association and range overlap, not confirmed local feeding.","specialists":"Eastern North America","structure":"USDA species growth habit where matched; otherwise sourced atlas growth habit"},"factors":{"applied_insect_credit":3,"baseline_score":51,"composite":0.673,"insect_support":{"credit":3,"groups":{"ants":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Ants","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"beetles":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Beetles","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"flies":{"credit":1,"flower_visits":[{"animal":"Zodion obliquefasciatum","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"flies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. 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Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Exoprosopa fasciata","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"flies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Anthrax halcyon","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"flies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Geron rufipes","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"flies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"}],"label":"Flies","recorded_name_count":8,"recorded_names":["Anthrax halcyon","Archytas aterrima","Eristalis tenax","Exoprosopa fasciata","Geron rufipes","Milesia ornata","Systoechus vulgaris","Zodion obliquefasciatum"],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"recorded"},"moths_butterflies":{"credit":1,"flower_visits":[{"animal":"Anosia plexippus","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"moths_butterflies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Pholisora catullus","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"moths_butterflies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Limochores taumas","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"moths_butterflies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Vanessa huntera","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"moths_butterflies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Pontia protodice","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"moths_butterflies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Vanessa atalanta","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"moths_butterflies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Vanessa cardui","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"moths_butterflies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Atrytone delaware","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"moths_butterflies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.","source_plant":"Silphium perfoliatum"},{"animal":"Polygonia interrogationis","dataset":"Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror","group":"moths_butterflies","interaction":"flower_visit","location":"Carlinville, Illinois, USA","pollination_confirmed":false,"reference":"Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. 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distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","source_sha256":"1fc10c714d11d314329d4ed95f49303a1868536ea8f87ad0028b5efdd9c81ea4","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/silphium-perfoliatum/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:6ad8d771-738f-5d48-990a-c2ca005b71e1","value":["3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b"]},{"expected_source_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","field":"life_cycle","original_field":"life_cycle","record_id":"trait:c92af7141db77a24b2092dfc3a47d6ceb8bd6657092678a9a5aab46f176bd8cd","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:45:05.410821+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","source_sha256":"1fc10c714d11d314329d4ed95f49303a1868536ea8f87ad0028b5efdd9c81ea4","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/silphium-perfoliatum/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:6ad8d771-738f-5d48-990a-c2ca005b71e1","value":["Perennial"]},{"expected_source_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","field":"soil_ph_categories","original_field":"soil_ph","record_id":"trait:f5d2a464fd9c0f64af577e81e5109969b66d324188a11087555c4a186e1e08fc","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:45:05.410821+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","source_sha256":"1fc10c714d11d314329d4ed95f49303a1868536ea8f87ad0028b5efdd9c81ea4","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/silphium-perfoliatum/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:6ad8d771-738f-5d48-990a-c2ca005b71e1","value":["Acid (<6.0)","Alkaline (>8.0)","Neutral (6.0-8.0)"]}],"values":{"flower_color":["Gold/Yellow"],"hardiness_zones":["3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b"],"height_description":"4–8 feet","life_cycle":["Perennial"],"light":["Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)","Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)"],"moisture_categories":["Moist","Occasionally Dry","Occasionally Wet"],"soil_ph_categories":["Acid (<6.0)","Alkaline (>8.0)","Neutral (6.0-8.0)"],"spread_description":"1–3 feet"}},"prairie_moon_2026":{"identity_basis":"Exact scientific name; no new synonym guesses","matched_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","page":10,"retrieved":"2026-09-30T18:00:34.396046+00:00","row_top":246.947,"scope":"Nursery cultural guide; height in flower; moisture categories retained as printed","source_label":"Prairie Moon 2026 Cultural Guide","source_sha256":"a0653d627b36184cd6bdd39aaea55efe2c15be3899976de28f978edc07a23cf1","source_url":"https://www.prairiemoon.com/catalogs/Prairie-Moon-Nursery-Cultural-Guide-2026.pdf","values":{"bloom_season":["July","August","September"],"flower_color":["Yellow"],"height_description":"8 feet (in flower)","light":["Full sun (6+ hours)","Part shade (3–6 hours)"],"moisture_categories":["Wet-mesic","Mesic"]}},"usda":{"matched_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","retrieved":"2026-09-24","scope":"Nationwide species characteristics; local growing conditions may vary","source_label":"USDA PLANTS","source_url":"https://plants.usda.gov/","usda_id":39867,"values":{"bloom_season":"Late Summer","flower_color":"Yellow","foliage_color":"Green","growth_rate":"Rapid","height_ft":6,"leaf_retention":"No"}},"ut_smart_yards":{"identity_basis":"Exact scientific name; no new synonym guesses","matched_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","modified":"2018-11-11T19:04:08+00:00","page_id":"5153","scope":"Published Tennessee growing guidance; exact cached scientific heading","source_label":"Tennessee Smart Yards","source_url":"https://tynnativeplants.wordpress.com/flowers/common-name/cup-plant/","values":{"height_description":"5-8 feet","light":["Full to part sun"],"moisture_categories":["moderately wet to medium"]}},"virginia_piedmont":{"identity_basis":"Exact scientific name; no new synonym guesses","matched_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","page":2,"retrieved":"2026-09-30T18:00:36.632111+00:00","row_top":773.7897,"scope":"Virginia regional planting chart; sunlight is a minimum requirement, moisture is low/moderate/high","source_label":"Virginia DCR Piedmont","source_sha256":"cb946fa6b7fa4ad5694d1debe04b04c392bc7389af2321eeab1ebcff381a5be3","source_url":"https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/document/pied-nat-plants.pdf","values":{"light":["Shade (minimum requirement)","Partial sun (minimum requirement)","Full sun (minimum requirement)"],"moisture_categories":["Moderate"]}}},"light_range":["part shade","full sun"],"light_source":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","native_synthesis":{"claims":[{"claim":"native","matched_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","scope":"TN-KY","source":"tnky_atlas","url":"https://tennessee-kentucky.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/644"},{"claim":"native","matched_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","scope":"L48","source":"usda","text":"CAN:N L48:N","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"},{"claim":"native","matched_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","scope":"NC","source":"nc_flora","url":"https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/"}],"county_native_range":"unresolved","explanation":"Source scopes are preserved. State occurrence alone does not establish nativity; combined regional evidence is labeled estimated.","label":"Native to South Carolina (estimated from combined sources)","rule":"southeast-native-synthesis-1","status":"native_inferred"},"source_name":"Silphium perfoliatum","taxon_id":"taxon:6ad8d771-738f-5d48-990a-c2ca005b71e1","revision":"publish:5809c037-0e9a-430a-8008-5ab6f69800c0","photos":[{"id":"silphium-perfoliatum-147780687","src":"/api/photos/image/9e850fd5d55250cb96530e878476a968f2223dec12c51758dfe5aa228d34e0b3.png","view":"other","alt":"Silphium perfoliatum — seed photograph","width":960,"height":440,"artist":"Photo by Lukas Hummel, in : Ende, L. M., Hummel, L., & Lauerer, M. (2024). Dispersal and persistence of cup plant seeds (Silphium perfoliatum): do they contribute to potential invasiveness?. Plant Ecology and Evolution, 157(1), 75-87.","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","source_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silphium_perfolium_Graines_seeds.png","changes":"Wikimedia thumbnail; no crop or retouching"}]}