{"assessment":{"band":"Severe harm","fit_score":null,"harm":null,"harm_source":"https://ncwildflower.org/invasive-exotic-species-list/","invasive_evidence":[{"category":"2013 category 2","rank":2,"scientific_name":"Tussilago farfara","state":"KY","url":"https://www.se-eppc.org/ky/KYEPPC_2013list.pdf"}],"native_basis":"not_native","rarity_adjustment":null,"rarity_policy":"Conservation status is displayed separately and never changes ecological scores, including when unranked.","reason":"Listed invasive in Kentucky; do not plant. Uses the shared species harm profile established from NC evidence; not a state agency severity rating.","reference":"NC native reference cohort, method 0.6.4; not a Kentucky percentile","score":-55,"scoring_inputs":{"harm_penalty":0,"invasive":true,"invasive_rank":"2","native":false,"state_rank":"SNA"},"severity_basis":"shared_rank","severity_mapping":"Existing shared species harm profile from NC source","status":"scored_invasive","version":"shared-0.6.5"},"condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:ea7a43a1b48f7e409db03c5ee62406b64592121a7f922156a2049dcbd2549276","levels":[2,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-1","range":[2,4],"scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"semantics":"documented_native_habitat_conditions","source_field":"habitat_light_categories","source_label":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","source_url":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.emountainworks.android.southeastfieldguide","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:df0cbf1648dfa692739b59412a7697fda38ea6678f6cf14f8399a9910321d675","levels":[0,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-1","range":[0,4],"scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"semantics":"documented_native_habitat_conditions","source_field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_label":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","source_url":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.emountainworks.android.southeastfieldguide","status":"mapped_selected_fact"}},"evidence":{"fit_score":null,"growth_habit":["Forb/herb"],"invasive_status":{"status":"listed"},"native_status":{"status":"not_native"},"occurrence":{"county_fips":["21011","21013","21019","21025","21043","21049","21051","21063","21065","21069","21071","21073","21089","21095","21109","21111","21115","21117","21119","21121","21125","21127","21129","21131","21133","21135","21147","21151","21153","21159","21165","21175","21189","21193","21195","21197","21199","21203","21205","21235","21237"],"meaning":"Recorded occurrence; not a county native-range assertion"},"quercus_score":null,"regional":{"county_fips":["21011","21013","21019","21025","21043","21049","21051","21063","21065","21069","21071","21073","21089","21095","21109","21111","21115","21117","21119","21121","21125","21127","21129","21131","21133","21135","21147","21151","21153","21159","21165","21175","21189","21193","21195","21197","21199","21203","21205","21235","21237"],"growth_habit":"forb","growth_habit_source":"tnky_atlas","invasive":true,"invasive_evidence":[{"category":"2013 category 2","rank":2,"scientific_name":"Tussilago farfara","state":"KY","url":"https://www.se-eppc.org/ky/KYEPPC_2013list.pdf"}],"invasive_rank":2,"native":false,"native_evidence":[{"claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Tussilago farfara","scope":"TN-KY","source":"tnky_atlas","url":"https://tennessee-kentucky.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/1029"},{"claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Tussilago farfara","scope":"L48","source":"usda","text":"CAN:I L48:I SPM:I","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"},{"claim":"introduced","scope":"KY","source":"ky_invasive","url":"https://www.se-eppc.org/ky/KYEPPC_2013list.pdf"}],"native_status":"not_native","source_ids":["tnky:1029"],"source_name":"Tussilago farfara","source_refs":["KY-county-21011.json","KY-county-21013.json","KY-county-21019.json","KY-county-21025.json","KY-county-21043.json","KY-county-21049.json","KY-county-21051.json","KY-county-21063.json","KY-county-21065.json","KY-county-21069.json","KY-county-21071.json","KY-county-21073.json","KY-county-21089.json","KY-county-21095.json","KY-county-21109.json","KY-county-21111.json","KY-county-21115.json","KY-county-21117.json","KY-county-21119.json","KY-county-21121.json","KY-county-21125.json","KY-county-21127.json","KY-county-21129.json","KY-county-21131.json","KY-county-21133.json","KY-county-21135.json","KY-county-21147.json","KY-county-21151.json","KY-county-21153.json","KY-county-21159.json","KY-county-21165.json","KY-county-21175.json","KY-county-21189.json","KY-county-21193.json","KY-county-21195.json","KY-county-21197.json","KY-county-21199.json","KY-county-21203.json","KY-county-21205.json","KY-county-21235.json","KY-county-21237.json","ky_invasive","sernec_county"],"source_url":"https://tennessee-kentucky.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/1029","state_rank":"SNA"},"source_refs":["KY-county-21011.json","KY-county-21013.json","KY-county-21019.json","KY-county-21025.json","KY-county-21043.json","KY-county-21049.json","KY-county-21051.json","KY-county-21063.json","KY-county-21065.json","KY-county-21069.json","KY-county-21071.json","KY-county-21073.json","KY-county-21089.json","KY-county-21095.json","KY-county-21109.json","KY-county-21111.json","KY-county-21115.json","KY-county-21117.json","KY-county-21119.json","KY-county-21121.json","KY-county-21125.json","KY-county-21127.json","KY-county-21129.json","KY-county-21131.json","KY-county-21133.json","KY-county-21135.json","KY-county-21147.json","KY-county-21151.json","KY-county-21153.json","KY-county-21159.json","KY-county-21165.json","KY-county-21175.json","KY-county-21189.json","KY-county-21193.json","KY-county-21195.json","KY-county-21197.json","KY-county-21199.json","KY-county-21203.json","KY-county-21205.json","KY-county-21235.json","KY-county-21237.json","ky_invasive","sernec_county"],"source_url":"https://tennessee-kentucky.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/1029","state_rank":{"value":"SNA"}},"fit_inputs":{"light":[2,4],"moisture":[0,4],"ph":null},"fit_provenance":{"light":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","moisture":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)"},"fit_record":{"band":"Severe harm","condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:ea7a43a1b48f7e409db03c5ee62406b64592121a7f922156a2049dcbd2549276","levels":[2,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-1","range":[2,4],"scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"semantics":"documented_native_habitat_conditions","source_field":"habitat_light_categories","source_label":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","source_url":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.emountainworks.android.southeastfieldguide","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:df0cbf1648dfa692739b59412a7697fda38ea6678f6cf14f8399a9910321d675","levels":[0,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-1","range":[0,4],"scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"semantics":"documented_native_habitat_conditions","source_field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_label":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","source_url":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.emountainworks.android.southeastfieldguide","status":"mapped_selected_fact"}},"county_fips":["21011","21013","21019","21025","21043","21049","21051","21063","21065","21069","21071","21073","21089","21095","21109","21111","21115","21117","21119","21121","21125","21127","21129","21131","21133","21135","21147","21151","21153","21159","21165","21175","21189","21193","21195","21197","21199","21203","21205","21235","21237","47001","47009","47013","47019","47021","47025","47029","47059","47067","47073","47091","47137","47149","47151","47163","47171","47173","47179"],"fit_inputs":{"light":[2,4],"moisture":[0,4],"ph":null},"fit_note":"Shared sunlight, moisture and pH calculation; county geography is an additional layer. Missing source traits remain unknown.","fit_provenance":{"light":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","moisture":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)"},"garden_suitability":{"default_excluded":false,"flags":[],"review_status":"not_assessed"},"invasive_rank":true,"native_eligible":false,"quercus_score":-55,"state":"KY"},"garden_suitability":{"default_excluded":false,"flags":[],"review_status":"not_assessed"},"growing_observations":{"floraquest_carolinas_georgia":{"matched_name":"Tussilago farfara","retrieved":"2026-10-04T13:31:16.252589+00:00","scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"scope_note":"Original regional ecological and identification evidence; no location-specific gardening adjustments.","source_label":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","source_name":"Tussilago farfara","source_record_id":6550,"source_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_url":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.emountainworks.android.southeastfieldguide","trait_evidence":[{"field":"habitat_description","source_column":"HabitatText","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":6550,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Roadsides, especially gravelly or shaly roadbanks or ditches, streamside gravel bars, disturbed ground."},{"field":"geographic_range_description","source_column":"Description","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":6550,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Native of Eurasia. This species has spread rapidly southward from the Northeast, where it was introduced in North America. Fernald (1950) considered its southern limit to be \"New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio\". Gleason (1952) extended it to West Virginia. Strausbaugh and Core (1978) reported that the first collection in West Virginia was actually in 1933, \"migrating southward year by year, now abundant and often conspicuous along highways, on strip-mined areas and other denuded areas, in every county of the state\". First reported in North Carolina in 1971, it is now rather common in most of the mountain counties of that state, and is beginning to appear at scattered sites in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Though preferring a cool and moist climate, Tussilago seems likely to continue to increase in abundance and to spread further east, south, and west from its area of primary occurrence in ne. North America and the upland Southeast."},{"field":"phenology_source_text","source_column":"Phenology","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":6550,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Mar-Jun."},{"field":"taxonomic_synonymy","source_column":"Synonymy","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":6550,"source_table":"Organism","value":"[= C, Can, F, FNA20, G, Il, K1, K4, Mi, NE, NS, NY, Oh3, Pa, POWO, SE1, Tn, Va, W, WV; = n/a — RAB, S, Tat]"},{"field":"heliophily_index","source_column":"HIndex","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":6550,"source_table":"Organism","value":7},{"field":"regional_wetland_indicators","source_column":"WetlandStatus1..5","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":6550,"source_table":"Organism","value":[{"source_column":"WetlandStatus1","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus2","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus3","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus4","value":"FACU"}]},{"field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_column":"Attr2","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":6550,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Dry","Moist","Wet"]},{"field":"habitat_light_categories","source_column":"Attr3","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":6550,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Partial shade","Full sun"]},{"field":"graphic_key_source_attributes","source_column":"Attr0..25","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":6550,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":{"Attr0":"gr08","Attr1":"nc_cp,nc_mt,nc_pd,","Attr10":"to","Attr11":"bo","Attr12":"ye","Attr13":"ye","Attr14":"bris","Attr2":"Dry,Moist,Wet","Attr3":"Part,Sun","Attr3a":"n","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_cp:n,native_nc_mt:n,native_nc_pd:n,","Attr4":" 2-7","Attr5":"pu","Attr6":"n","Attr7":"y","Attr8":"alt","Attr9":"si"}}],"values":{"geographic_range_description":"Native of Eurasia. This species has spread rapidly southward from the Northeast, where it was introduced in North America. Fernald (1950) considered its southern limit to be \"New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio\". Gleason (1952) extended it to West Virginia. Strausbaugh and Core (1978) reported that the first collection in West Virginia was actually in 1933, \"migrating southward year by year, now abundant and often conspicuous along highways, on strip-mined areas and other denuded areas, in every county of the state\". First reported in North Carolina in 1971, it is now rather common in most of the mountain counties of that state, and is beginning to appear at scattered sites in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Though preferring a cool and moist climate, Tussilago seems likely to continue to increase in abundance and to spread further east, south, and west from its area of primary occurrence in ne. North America and the upland Southeast.","graphic_key_source_attributes":{"Attr0":"gr08","Attr1":"nc_cp,nc_mt,nc_pd,","Attr10":"to","Attr11":"bo","Attr12":"ye","Attr13":"ye","Attr14":"bris","Attr2":"Dry,Moist,Wet","Attr3":"Part,Sun","Attr3a":"n","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_cp:n,native_nc_mt:n,native_nc_pd:n,","Attr4":" 2-7","Attr5":"pu","Attr6":"n","Attr7":"y","Attr8":"alt","Attr9":"si"},"habitat_description":"Roadsides, especially gravelly or shaly roadbanks or ditches, streamside gravel bars, disturbed ground.","habitat_light_categories":["Partial shade","Full sun"],"habitat_moisture_categories":["Dry","Moist","Wet"],"heliophily_index":7,"phenology_source_text":"Mar-Jun.","regional_wetland_indicators":[{"source_column":"WetlandStatus1","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus2","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus3","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus4","value":"FACU"}],"taxonomic_synonymy":"[= C, Can, F, FNA20, G, Il, K1, K4, Mi, NE, NS, NY, Oh3, Pa, POWO, SE1, Tn, Va, W, WV; = n/a — RAB, S, Tat]"}},"forest_service":{"identity_basis":"Exact existing catalog or state-source name","matched_name":"Tussilago farfara","retrieved":"2026-10-01T13:43:32.433084+00:00","scope":"Source botanical description; original units and scope retained","scoring_allowed":false,"source_label":"Fire Effects Information System: Tussilago farfara","source_sha256":"a4313be62fba8843e29b66dbe4da0ce9aefd5ee5e430046f72de246273f8db6d","source_url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/tusfar","trait_evidence":[{"catalog_id":"nc:tussilago-farfara","field":"height_description","height_description":"Coltsfoot is a rhizomatous perennial forb [36,43,57] that is 2 to 20 inches (5-50 cm) tall [36,43].","life_stage":"general_botanical_description","matched_name":"Tussilago farfara","paragraph_sha256":"cdd350150c1fcf4d196f469b2c165e0b99518a490646f72a4599c4166d00dcd4","retrieved":"2026-10-01T13:43:32.433084+00:00","review_status":"reviewed","source_quote":"Coltsfoot is a rhizomatous perennial forb [36,43,57] that is 2 to 20 inches (5-50 cm) tall [36,43].","source_section":"Tussilago farfara, coltsfoot / Botanical Description / Form","source_sha256":"a4313be62fba8843e29b66dbe4da0ce9aefd5ee5e430046f72de246273f8db6d","source_title":"Fire Effects Information System: Tussilago farfara","source_url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/tusfar"}],"values":{"height_description":"Coltsfoot is a rhizomatous perennial forb [36,43,57] that is 2 to 20 inches (5-50 cm) tall [36,43]."}}},"light_range":["part shade","full sun"],"light_source":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","native_synthesis":{"claims":[{"claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Tussilago farfara","scope":"TN-KY","source":"tnky_atlas","url":"https://tennessee-kentucky.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/1029"},{"claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Tussilago farfara","scope":"L48","source":"usda","text":"CAN:I L48:I SPM:I","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"},{"claim":"introduced","scope":"KY","source":"ky_invasive","url":"https://www.se-eppc.org/ky/KYEPPC_2013list.pdf"}],"county_native_range":"unresolved","explanation":"Source scopes are preserved. State occurrence alone does not establish nativity; combined regional evidence is labeled estimated.","label":"Not native to Kentucky","rule":"southeast-native-synthesis-1","status":"not_native"},"source_name":"Tussilago farfara","taxon_id":"taxon:e62fc2ce-0e66-50dd-9fb3-545f25158b9b","revision":"publish:5809c037-0e9a-430a-8008-5ab6f69800c0","photos":[{"id":"tussilago-farfara-141138240","src":"/api/photos/image/10f8bbd3ae0b3dd958f40158f09657b77628e3727fc88a3de5e244bfa3eda05e.jpg","view":"bloom","alt":"Tussilago farfara — flower photograph","width":960,"height":1054,"artist":"Robert Flogaus-Faust","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","source_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tussilago_farfara_4_RF.jpg","changes":"Wikimedia thumbnail; no crop or retouching"}]}