{"assessment":{"band":"Strong","factor_identity":{"basis":"source accepted identity; genus-level evidence","growth_habit_source":"USDA PLANTS","name_used":"Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana"},"factor_scopes":{"bees":"Southeastern North America","birds":"North America","caterpillars":"Host genera of native Lepidoptera with established Kentucky range; association and range overlap, not confirmed local feeding.","specialists":"Eastern North America","structure":"USDA species growth habit where matched; otherwise sourced atlas growth habit"},"factors":{"applied_insect_credit":0,"baseline_score":72,"composite":0.791,"insect_support":{"credit":0,"groups":{"ants":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Ants","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"beetles":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Beetles","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"flies":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Flies","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"moths_butterflies":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Adult butterflies / moths","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"other_hymenoptera":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Other wasps","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"},"other_insects":{"credit":0,"flower_visits":[],"label":"Other insects","recorded_name_count":null,"recorded_names":[],"seed_interactions":[],"status":"unknown"}},"interpretation":"One provisional point per additional documented insect group, capped at five. 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Missing source traits remain unknown.","fit_provenance":{"light":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","moisture":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","ph":"USDA PLANTS"},"garden_suitability":{"default_excluded":false,"flags":[],"review_status":"not_assessed"},"invasive_rank":false,"native_eligible":true,"quercus_score":72,"state":"KY"},"garden_suitability":{"default_excluded":false,"flags":[],"review_status":"not_assessed"},"growing_observations":{"botanical_review_primary_flower_color":{"matched_name":"Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana","review_decision":{"reason":"Single consistent approved flower-color category; explicit normalization of existing observation, not a fresh anatomical verification.","sources":["fagus-grandifolia-var-caroliniana--usda"],"status":"reviewed","value":"yellow"},"review_note":"Single consistent approved flower-color category; explicit normalization of existing observation, not a fresh anatomical verification.","review_sources":[{"approved_for_correction":true,"evidence_kind":"existing_structured_source_observation","excerpt":"{\"flower_color\": \"Yellow\"}","retrieved":"2026-09-24","sha256":null,"source_record_id":70143,"title":"USDA PLANTS","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"}],"review_status":"reviewed","source_label":"USDA PLANTS","source_url":"https://plants.usda.gov/","values":{"primary_flower_color":"yellow"}},"floraquest_carolinas_georgia":{"matched_name":"Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana","retrieved":"2026-10-04T13:31:16.252589+00:00","scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"scope_note":"Original regional ecological and identification evidence; no location-specific gardening adjustments.","source_label":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","source_name":"Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana","source_record_id":3332,"source_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_url":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.emountainworks.android.southeastfieldguide","trait_evidence":[{"field":"habitat_description","source_column":"HabitatText","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3332,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Moist forests, from near sea level to low elevations in the Mountains, mostly below 1050 meters (3500 feet)."},{"field":"geographic_range_description","source_column":"Description","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3332,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Se. 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Aiton — Chap; Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart — Ar, Fl2, FNA3, K1, K4, Mo3, NE, NS, NY, Pa, RAB, Tat, Tn, Va, W, WH3, WV, Cooper & Mercer (1977); Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart ssp. grandifolia — POWO, Govaerts & Frodin (1998)]"},{"field":"botanical_comments","source_column":"Comments","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3332,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Fagus grandifolia is sister to F. mexicana Martínez, of montane Mexico, and which is sometimes treated as a disjunct subspecies or variety of F. grandifolia ; Denk et al. (2024) provisionally recommend treating F. mexicana as distinct at species rank. In eastern North America, several subspecies, varieties, or phases of Fagus grandifolia have been described, and their taxonomic recognition is controversial. The most recent monographer, Shen (1992), recognized three subspecies, two as treated here (except as varieties, and the third, Fagus mexicana at subspecies rank. I have here chosen to recognize two intergradient varieties in our area, with F. mexicana (beyond our region) accorded species rank. Cooper & Mercer (1977) studied variation in NC, concluding that two genetic races or varieties were present, the montane var. grandifolia and the Piedmont and Coastal Plain var. caroliniana , but that patterns of variation were complicated. Hardin & Johnson (1985) and Hardin (1992, 1985) noted that variation is \"more-or-less\" clinal, variation within populations is great, and they did not favor recognition of infraspecific taxa. Depending on one's tolerance or intolerance for intergradational varieties, one may choose to recognize one or two taxa in our area."},{"field":"heliophily_index","source_column":"HIndex","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3332,"source_table":"Organism","value":3},{"field":"regional_wetland_indicators","source_column":"WetlandStatus1..5","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3332,"source_table":"Organism","value":[{"source_column":"WetlandStatus1","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus2","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus3","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus4","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus5","value":"FACU"}]},{"field":"wetland_source_note","source_column":"WetlandNote","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3332,"source_table":"Organism","value":"taxonomic split from wetland indicator species"},{"field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_column":"Attr2","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3332,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Dry","Moist"]},{"field":"habitat_light_categories","source_column":"Attr3","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3332,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Partial shade","Full shade"]},{"field":"graphic_key_source_attributes","source_column":"Attr0..25","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":3332,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":{"Attr0":"gr14","Attr1":"nc_cp,nc_mt,nc_pd,sc_cp,sc_mt,sc_pd,ga_cp,ga_mt,ga_pd,","Attr11":"pin","Attr12":"unl","Attr13":"to","Attr14":"Bl14,Bl24,Bl5,Bl9","Attr15":"wh","Attr16":"n","Attr17":"nd","Attr18":"nd","Attr19":"br,gr,nd","Attr2":"Dry,Moist","Attr20":"n","Attr21":"DSN","Attr3":"Part,Shade","Attr3a":"y","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_cp:y,native_nc_mt:y,native_nc_pd:y,native_sc_cp:y,native_sc_mt:y,native_sc_pd:y,native_ga_cp:y,native_ga_mt:y,native_ga_pd:y,","Attr4":" 2-6","Attr5":"t","Attr6":"n","Attr7":"n","Attr8":"alt","Attr9":"sim"}}],"values":{"botanical_comments":"Fagus grandifolia is sister to F. mexicana Martínez, of montane Mexico, and which is sometimes treated as a disjunct subspecies or variety of F. grandifolia ; Denk et al. (2024) provisionally recommend treating F. mexicana as distinct at species rank. In eastern North America, several subspecies, varieties, or phases of Fagus grandifolia have been described, and their taxonomic recognition is controversial. The most recent monographer, Shen (1992), recognized three subspecies, two as treated here (except as varieties, and the third, Fagus mexicana at subspecies rank. I have here chosen to recognize two intergradient varieties in our area, with F. mexicana (beyond our region) accorded species rank. Cooper & Mercer (1977) studied variation in NC, concluding that two genetic races or varieties were present, the montane var. grandifolia and the Piedmont and Coastal Plain var. caroliniana , but that patterns of variation were complicated. Hardin & Johnson (1985) and Hardin (1992, 1985) noted that variation is \"more-or-less\" clinal, variation within populations is great, and they did not favor recognition of infraspecific taxa. Depending on one's tolerance or intolerance for intergradational varieties, one may choose to recognize one or two taxa in our area.","geographic_range_description":"Se. Massachusetts, Ohio, Indiana, s. Illinois, s. Michigan (?), and Missouri south to Panhandle Florida and e. Texas.","graphic_key_source_attributes":{"Attr0":"gr14","Attr1":"nc_cp,nc_mt,nc_pd,sc_cp,sc_mt,sc_pd,ga_cp,ga_mt,ga_pd,","Attr11":"pin","Attr12":"unl","Attr13":"to","Attr14":"Bl14,Bl24,Bl5,Bl9","Attr15":"wh","Attr16":"n","Attr17":"nd","Attr18":"nd","Attr19":"br,gr,nd","Attr2":"Dry,Moist","Attr20":"n","Attr21":"DSN","Attr3":"Part,Shade","Attr3a":"y","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_cp:y,native_nc_mt:y,native_nc_pd:y,native_sc_cp:y,native_sc_mt:y,native_sc_pd:y,native_ga_cp:y,native_ga_mt:y,native_ga_pd:y,","Attr4":" 2-6","Attr5":"t","Attr6":"n","Attr7":"n","Attr8":"alt","Attr9":"sim"},"habitat_description":"Moist forests, from near sea level to low elevations in the Mountains, mostly below 1050 meters (3500 feet).","habitat_light_categories":["Partial shade","Full shade"],"habitat_moisture_categories":["Dry","Moist"],"heliophily_index":3,"phenology_source_text":"Mar-May; Sep-Oct.","regional_wetland_indicators":[{"source_column":"WetlandStatus1","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus2","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus3","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus4","value":"FACU"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus5","value":"FACU"}],"taxonomic_synonymy":"[= C, F, G, Il, S, Tx, Elias (1971a); = Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart ssp. caroliniana (Loudon) Camp ex Shen — Shen (1992), nomen nudum; Fagus americana R. Sweet — S13; Fagus ferruginea W. Aiton — Chap; Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart — Ar, Fl2, FNA3, K1, K4, Mo3, NE, NS, NY, Pa, RAB, Tat, Tn, Va, W, WH3, WV, Cooper & Mercer (1977); Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart ssp. grandifolia — POWO, Govaerts & Frodin (1998)]","wetland_source_note":"taxonomic split from wetland indicator species"}},"usda":{"matched_name":"Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana","retrieved":"2026-09-24","scope":"Nationwide species characteristics; local growing conditions may vary","source_label":"USDA PLANTS","source_url":"https://plants.usda.gov/","usda_id":70143,"values":{"bloom_season":"Mid Spring","flower_color":"Yellow","foliage_color":"Green","fruit_season_begin":"Summer","fruit_season_end":"Fall","growth_architecture":"Single Stem","growth_rate":"Slow","height_ft":80,"leaf_retention":"No"}}},"light_range":["deep shade","part sun"],"light_source":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","native_synthesis":{"claims":[{"claim":"native","matched_name":"Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana","scope":"TN-KY","source":"tnky_atlas","url":"https://tennessee-kentucky.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/472"},{"claim":"native","matched_name":"Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana","scope":"L48","source":"usda","text":"CAN:N L48:N","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"},{"claim":"native","matched_name":"Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana","scope":"NC","source":"nc_flora","url":"https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/"}],"county_native_range":"unresolved","explanation":"Source scopes are preserved. State occurrence alone does not establish nativity; combined regional evidence is labeled estimated.","label":"Native to Kentucky (estimated from combined sources)","rule":"southeast-native-synthesis-1","status":"native_inferred"},"source_name":"Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana","taxon_id":"taxon:7c11375e-2d0a-503e-b701-61721bdf8681","revision":"publish:5809c037-0e9a-430a-8008-5ab6f69800c0","photos":[]}