{"assessment":{"band":"Harmful","fit_score":null,"harm":null,"harm_source":"https://ncwildflower.org/invasive-exotic-species-list/","invasive_evidence":[{"category":"listed_invasive","rank":null,"scientific_name":"Colocasia esculenta","state":"GA","url":"https://gainvasivespeciescouncil.org/list/invasive-plants/"}],"native_basis":"not_native","rarity_adjustment":null,"rarity_policy":"Conservation status is displayed separately and never changes ecological scores, including when unranked.","reason":"Listed invasive in Georgia; do not plant. Uses the shared species harm profile established from NC evidence; not a state agency severity rating.","reference":"NC native reference cohort, method 0.6.4; not a Georgia percentile","score":-15,"scoring_inputs":{"harm_penalty":0,"invasive":true,"invasive_rank":"A","native":false,"state_rank":""},"severity_basis":"shared_rank","severity_mapping":"Existing shared species harm profile from NC source","status":"scored_invasive","version":"shared-0.6.5"},"condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:ba42d98fe9fc1f8892d731c7b458b73143b2a97b33c0a4da582f6a8c52dd4e35","levels":[2,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-1","range":[2,4],"scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"semantics":"source_light_categories_preserved_without_hour_conversion","source_field":"light","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:6926ec14eefc00a527edc073926b9844f6338961ba07704b74b727139e0fc995","levels":[3],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-1","range":[3,3],"scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"semantics":"source_drainage_or_moisture_categories_preserved","source_field":"moisture_categories","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"}},"evidence":{"fit_score":null,"growth_habit":null,"invasive_status":{"status":"listed"},"native_status":{"status":"not_native"},"occurrence":{"county_fips":["13185","13253"],"meaning":"Recorded occurrence; not a county native-range assertion"},"quercus_score":null,"regional":{"county_fips":["13185","13253"],"growth_habit":null,"growth_habit_source":null,"invasive":true,"invasive_evidence":[{"category":"listed_invasive","rank":null,"scientific_name":"Colocasia esculenta","state":"GA","url":"https://gainvasivespeciescouncil.org/list/invasive-plants/"}],"invasive_rank":null,"native":false,"native_evidence":[{"claim":"unknown","matched_name":"Colocasia esculenta","scope":"TN-KY","source":"tnky_atlas","url":"https://tennessee-kentucky.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/4342"},{"claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Colocasia esculenta","scope":"L48","source":"usda","text":"HI:I L48:I PB:I PR:I","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"},{"claim":"introduced","scope":"GA","source":"ga_invasive","url":"https://gainvasivespeciescouncil.org/list/invasive-plants/"}],"native_status":"not_native","source_ids":["sernec:33829"],"source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","source_refs":["GA-checklist-1.html","ga_invasive","sernec_county"],"source_url":"https://sernecportal.org/portal/checklists/checklist.php?clid=3416&pid=84","state_rank":null},"source_refs":["GA-checklist-1.html","ga_invasive","sernec_county"],"source_url":"https://sernecportal.org/portal/checklists/checklist.php?clid=3416&pid=84","state_rank":{"value":null}},"fit_inputs":{"light":[2,4],"moisture":[3,3],"ph":null},"fit_provenance":{"light":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","moisture":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox"},"fit_record":{"band":"Harmful","condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:ba42d98fe9fc1f8892d731c7b458b73143b2a97b33c0a4da582f6a8c52dd4e35","levels":[2,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-1","range":[2,4],"scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"semantics":"source_light_categories_preserved_without_hour_conversion","source_field":"light","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:6926ec14eefc00a527edc073926b9844f6338961ba07704b74b727139e0fc995","levels":[3],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-1","range":[3,3],"scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"semantics":"source_drainage_or_moisture_categories_preserved","source_field":"moisture_categories","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"}},"county_fips":["13185","13253"],"fit_inputs":{"light":[2,4],"moisture":[3,3],"ph":null},"fit_note":"Shared sunlight, moisture and pH calculation; county geography is an additional layer. Missing source traits remain unknown.","fit_provenance":{"light":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","moisture":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox"},"garden_suitability":{"default_excluded":false,"flags":[],"review_status":"not_assessed"},"invasive_rank":true,"native_eligible":false,"quercus_score":-15,"state":"GA"},"garden_suitability":{"default_excluded":false,"flags":[],"review_status":"not_assessed"},"growing_observations":{"floraquest_carolinas_georgia":{"matched_name":"Colocasia esculenta","retrieved":"2026-10-04T13:31:16.252589+00:00","scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"scope_note":"Original regional ecological and identification evidence; no location-specific gardening adjustments.","source_label":"FloraQuest: Carolinas, Georgia (Southeastern Flora Team)","source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","source_record_id":361,"source_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_url":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.emountainworks.android.southeastfieldguide","trait_evidence":[{"field":"habitat_description","source_column":"HabitatText","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":361,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Ditches, shores, bottomland hardwood forests."},{"field":"geographic_range_description","source_column":"Description","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":361,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Native of the Tropics, originally from s., se., and e. Asia. Frequently planted for its \"tropical\" appearance, becoming naturalized, for instance at Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County, North Carolina, where it grows scattered along much of the shoreline, spread by fragments of rhizome."},{"field":"phenology_source_text","source_column":"Phenology","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":361,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Jun-Oct."},{"field":"taxonomic_synonymy","source_column":"Synonymy","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":361,"source_table":"Organism","value":"[= Ar, ETx1, FNA22, GW1, K1, NcTx, NS, POWO, WH3, Spaulding et al (2019); Arum esculentum L.; = n/a — RAB; > Colocasia antiquorum Schott — S; > Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. antiquorum (Schott) Hubb. & Rehder — K4, Serviss, McDaniel, & Bryson (2000); > Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. aquatilis Hasskarl — K4; > Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. esculenta — K4, Serviss, McDaniel, & Bryson (2000); > Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. nymphiifolia (Vent.) A.F.Hill — K4]"},{"field":"botanical_comments","source_column":"Comments","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":361,"source_table":"Organism","value":"See Serviss, McDaniel, & Bryson (2000) for a discussion of various varieties cultivated in the southeastern United States, their identification, and their weediness. In our area, it is generally infertile, but spreads vegetatively vigorously. In the Tropics, Colocasia is a food crop cultivated for its rhizomes and shoots. The rhizomes are the source of \"poi\", a starchy staple of the Hawaiian Islands."},{"field":"regional_wetland_indicators","source_column":"WetlandStatus1..5","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":361,"source_table":"Organism","value":[{"source_column":"WetlandStatus2","value":"FACW"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus4","value":"FACW"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus5","value":"OBL"}]},{"field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_column":"Attr2","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":361,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Moist","Water","Wet"]},{"field":"habitat_light_categories","source_column":"Attr3","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":361,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Partial shade","Full shade","Full sun"]},{"field":"graphic_key_source_attributes","source_column":"Attr0..25","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":361,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":{"Attr0":"gr07","Attr1":"nc_cp,sc_cp,sc_pd,ga_cp,ga_pd,","Attr10":"7L200","Attr11":"7W60cm","Attr12":"ba","Attr2":"Moist,Water,Wet","Attr3":"Part,Shade,Sun","Attr3a":"n","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_cp:n,native_sc_cp:n,native_sc_pd:n,native_ga_cp:n,native_ga_pd:n,","Attr4":" 5-11","Attr5":"7H06,7H100,7H15","Attr6":"spd","Attr7":"y","Attr8":"or,wh,ye","Attr9":"y"}}],"values":{"botanical_comments":"See Serviss, McDaniel, & Bryson (2000) for a discussion of various varieties cultivated in the southeastern United States, their identification, and their weediness. In our area, it is generally infertile, but spreads vegetatively vigorously. In the Tropics, Colocasia is a food crop cultivated for its rhizomes and shoots. The rhizomes are the source of \"poi\", a starchy staple of the Hawaiian Islands.","geographic_range_description":"Native of the Tropics, originally from s., se., and e. Asia. Frequently planted for its \"tropical\" appearance, becoming naturalized, for instance at Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County, North Carolina, where it grows scattered along much of the shoreline, spread by fragments of rhizome.","graphic_key_source_attributes":{"Attr0":"gr07","Attr1":"nc_cp,sc_cp,sc_pd,ga_cp,ga_pd,","Attr10":"7L200","Attr11":"7W60cm","Attr12":"ba","Attr2":"Moist,Water,Wet","Attr3":"Part,Shade,Sun","Attr3a":"n","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_cp:n,native_sc_cp:n,native_sc_pd:n,native_ga_cp:n,native_ga_pd:n,","Attr4":" 5-11","Attr5":"7H06,7H100,7H15","Attr6":"spd","Attr7":"y","Attr8":"or,wh,ye","Attr9":"y"},"habitat_description":"Ditches, shores, bottomland hardwood forests.","habitat_light_categories":["Partial shade","Full shade","Full sun"],"habitat_moisture_categories":["Moist","Water","Wet"],"phenology_source_text":"Jun-Oct.","regional_wetland_indicators":[{"source_column":"WetlandStatus2","value":"FACW"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus4","value":"FACW"},{"source_column":"WetlandStatus5","value":"OBL"}],"taxonomic_synonymy":"[= Ar, ETx1, FNA22, GW1, K1, NcTx, NS, POWO, WH3, Spaulding et al (2019); Arum esculentum L.; = n/a — RAB; > Colocasia antiquorum Schott — S; > Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. antiquorum (Schott) Hubb. & Rehder — K4, Serviss, McDaniel, & Bryson (2000); > Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. aquatilis Hasskarl — K4; > Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. esculenta — K4, Serviss, McDaniel, & Bryson (2000); > Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. nymphiifolia (Vent.) A.F.Hill — K4]"}},"ncsu_sitemap":{"matched_name":"Colocasia esculenta","retrieved":"2026-10-04T02:33:28.561901+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Source-reported species characteristics; not a location-specific estimate.","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_sha256":"abdb6aed449f73cdb0677b64bbfd6de0f995df0b0cd1f1869818159553bd6fab","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","trait_evidence":[{"expected_source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","field":"life_cycle","original_field":"life_cycle","record_id":"trait:2ebff31d1e5465766a70a4e69019cc3d588d2f0a74189c4a9fe1cefaa3d6b112","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:33:28.561901+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","source_sha256":"abdb6aed449f73cdb0677b64bbfd6de0f995df0b0cd1f1869818159553bd6fab","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:f1e26b3f-fb57-5365-9070-40809035c3bd","value":["Bulb","Perennial"]},{"expected_source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","field":"moisture_categories","original_field":"soil_moisture","record_id":"trait:3d500a9801dc266c46a0a155e2246cc0d3be8533df38eb946bde5196a463990c","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:33:28.561901+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","source_sha256":"abdb6aed449f73cdb0677b64bbfd6de0f995df0b0cd1f1869818159553bd6fab","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:f1e26b3f-fb57-5365-9070-40809035c3bd","value":["Moist","Occasionally Wet"]},{"expected_source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","field":"spread_description","original_field":"spread","record_id":"trait:4c7755b869f80007ea4b40a163d93eeee1411013ad0a52783ca64f0556106421","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:33:28.561901+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","source_sha256":"abdb6aed449f73cdb0677b64bbfd6de0f995df0b0cd1f1869818159553bd6fab","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:f1e26b3f-fb57-5365-9070-40809035c3bd","value":{"max":6,"min":3,"unit":"feet"}},{"expected_source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","field":"hardiness_zones","original_field":"hardiness","record_id":"trait:7725db5dfa7ac8358e255ab5311d3ebe8ca6431224fd2480e5b0f22c00f8afb7","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:33:28.561901+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","source_sha256":"abdb6aed449f73cdb0677b64bbfd6de0f995df0b0cd1f1869818159553bd6fab","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:f1e26b3f-fb57-5365-9070-40809035c3bd","value":["8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b"]},{"expected_source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","field":"leaf_habit","original_field":"leaf_habit","record_id":"trait:9ccb271293f10c3a421d40ddf95eb8020deb3f3956e4b7d9df3b7e282e8f3f52","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:33:28.561901+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","source_sha256":"abdb6aed449f73cdb0677b64bbfd6de0f995df0b0cd1f1869818159553bd6fab","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:f1e26b3f-fb57-5365-9070-40809035c3bd","value":["Broadleaf Evergreen"]},{"expected_source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","field":"light","original_field":"light","record_id":"trait:bebc32d18e04e74f689272b5ff99e84787c987e136d6356d8b66d765853c94f8","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:33:28.561901+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","source_sha256":"abdb6aed449f73cdb0677b64bbfd6de0f995df0b0cd1f1869818159553bd6fab","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:f1e26b3f-fb57-5365-9070-40809035c3bd","value":["Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)","Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)"]},{"expected_source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","field":"flower_color","original_field":"flower_color","record_id":"trait:ceb82282776b6a2ee37553e3b8d45bbcfdb33def30e36f46dbfae44f6ed26f3a","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:33:28.561901+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","source_sha256":"abdb6aed449f73cdb0677b64bbfd6de0f995df0b0cd1f1869818159553bd6fab","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:f1e26b3f-fb57-5365-9070-40809035c3bd","value":["Gold/Yellow","Green","White"]},{"expected_source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","field":"height_description","original_field":"height","record_id":"trait:e6ac99a3d5a20db9efcbf274aef29b713c06832c792ff5d99ff2a64e4d24d7a5","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:33:28.561901+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","source_sha256":"abdb6aed449f73cdb0677b64bbfd6de0f995df0b0cd1f1869818159553bd6fab","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/colocasia-esculenta/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:f1e26b3f-fb57-5365-9070-40809035c3bd","value":{"max":6,"min":3,"unit":"feet"}}],"values":{"flower_color":["Gold/Yellow","Green","White"],"hardiness_zones":["8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b"],"height_description":"3–6 feet","leaf_habit":["Broadleaf Evergreen"],"life_cycle":["Bulb","Perennial"],"light":["Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)","Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)"],"moisture_categories":["Moist","Occasionally Wet"],"spread_description":"3–6 feet"}}},"light_range":["part shade","full sun"],"light_source":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","native_synthesis":{"claims":[{"claim":"unknown","matched_name":"Colocasia esculenta","scope":"TN-KY","source":"tnky_atlas","url":"https://tennessee-kentucky.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/4342"},{"claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Colocasia esculenta","scope":"L48","source":"usda","text":"HI:I L48:I PB:I PR:I","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"},{"claim":"introduced","scope":"GA","source":"ga_invasive","url":"https://gainvasivespeciescouncil.org/list/invasive-plants/"}],"county_native_range":"unresolved","explanation":"Source scopes are preserved. State occurrence alone does not establish nativity; combined regional evidence is labeled estimated.","label":"Not native to Georgia","rule":"southeast-native-synthesis-1","status":"not_native"},"source_name":"Colocasia esculenta","taxon_id":"taxon:f1e26b3f-fb57-5365-9070-40809035c3bd","revision":"publish:5809c037-0e9a-430a-8008-5ab6f69800c0","photos":[{"id":"recovery-pmc-colocasia-esculenta-33b","src":"/api/photos/image/10a6b034776f6ee19ca8bd2ba7bcef93e140e13012de9ceb14394819b319054b.jpg","view":"whole","alt":"Colocasia esculenta — whole photograph","width":742,"height":553,"artist":"Nathan Howell; Howell, Krings and Braham (2016)","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4911545/#F2057518","changes":"Original published individual photograph panel; no crop, retouching, or re-encoding"}]}