{"assessment":{"band":"Severe harm","fit_score":null,"harm":null,"harm_source":"https://ncwildflower.org/invasive-exotic-species-list/","invasive_evidence":[{"category":"Overall ranking 2 (scattered and localized infestations)","listed":true,"rank":2,"scientific_name":"Solanum viarum","state":"AL","url":"https://www.se-eppc.org/alabama/2012-updatedALIPCinvasiveplantlist.pdf"}],"native_basis":"not_native","rarity_adjustment":null,"rarity_policy":"Conservation status is displayed separately and never changes ecological scores, including when unranked.","reason":"Listed invasive in Alabama; do not plant. Uses the shared species harm profile established from NC evidence; not a state agency severity rating.","reference":"NC native reference cohort, method 0.6.4; not a Alabama percentile","score":-55,"scoring_inputs":{"harm_penalty":0,"invasive":true,"invasive_rank":"2","native":false,"state_rank":"SNA"},"severity_basis":"shared_rank","severity_mapping":"Existing shared species harm profile from NC source","status":"scored_invasive","version":"shared-0.6.5"},"condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:1faf14a3696241787e012544747093ae1a31514285ebbdc4034842dc3bfc5561","levels":[4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[4,4],"scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"semantics":"source_light_categories_preserved_without_hour_conversion","source_field":"light","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:6bf5c91618cacd8830187531572a59c0e7f82192610c38fcfd13242ea17b2a22","levels":[0,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[0,4],"scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"semantics":"documented_native_habitat_conditions","source_field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_label":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition","source_url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"}},"evidence":{"fit_score":null,"growth_habit":null,"invasive_status":{"status":"listed"},"native_status":{"status":"not_native"},"occurrence":{"county_fips":["01003","01005","01011","01013","01031","01035","01049","01061","01069","01081","01099","01101","01109"],"meaning":"Recorded occurrence; not a county native-range assertion"},"quercus_score":null,"regional":{"county_fips":["01003","01005","01011","01013","01031","01035","01049","01061","01069","01081","01099","01101","01109"],"growth_habit":null,"growth_habit_source":null,"invasive":true,"invasive_evidence":[{"category":"Overall ranking 2 (scattered and localized infestations)","listed":true,"rank":2,"scientific_name":"Solanum viarum","state":"AL","url":"https://www.se-eppc.org/alabama/2012-updatedALIPCinvasiveplantlist.pdf"}],"invasive_rank":2,"native":false,"native_basis":"state_source","native_decided_by":"al_atlas","native_evidence":[{"claim":"introduced","flag":"N","matched_name":"Solanum viarum","scope":"AL","source":"al_atlas","url":"https://dev.alabama.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/3577"},{"claim":"introduced","scope":"AL","source":"al_invasive","url":"https://www.se-eppc.org/alabama/2012-updatedALIPCinvasiveplantlist.pdf"},{"claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Solanum viarum","scope":"L48","source":"usda","text":"L48:I","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"},{"basis":"range text names a native range outside North America","claim":"introduced","scope":"NC-SC-GA","source":"floraquest_carolinas_georgia","text":"Native of South America (s. Brazil, Paraguay, and n. Argentina). This species only appeared in our area a few decades ago, but has been publicized as a severe, extremely aggressive, and rapidly spreading weed (Wunderlin et al. 1993; Mullahey et al. 1993; Mullahey 1996).","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"range text names a native range outside North America","claim":"introduced","scope":"AL-MS-TN","source":"floraquest_south_central","text":"Native of South America (s. Brazil, Paraguay, and n. Argentina). This species only appeared in our area a few decades ago, but has been publicized as a severe, extremely aggressive, and rapidly spreading weed (Wunderlin et al. 1993; Mullahey et al. 1993; Mullahey 1996).","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"alien asterisk: exotic throughout the Flora area","claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Solanum viarum","scope":"AL-AR-DC-DE-FL-GA-KY-LA-MD-MS-NC-NJ-PA-SC-TN-VA-WV","source":"weakley_fsus","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"Native field of the South Central edition; the state is in its distribution","claim":"introduced","record_id":5096,"scope":"AL-MS-TN","source":"floraquest_south_central","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"NatureServe subnational native or exotic flag for this state","claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Solanum viarum","scope":"AL","source":"natureserve_explorer","srank":"SNA","url":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.150308/Solanum_viarum"}],"native_explanation":"Alabama Plant Atlas (published flora, state claim) gives the value, over a broader claim from a higher tier. Speaks for its own area (GA-NC-SC), not this state: Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition.","native_provenance":{"flags":["over_higher_tier"],"source":"al_atlas","specificity":"state","tier":"published_flora"},"native_status":"not_native","package_native_status":"not_native","source_ids":["al_atlas:AL:3577"],"source_name":"Solanum viarum","source_refs":["al_atlas","al_invasive","gbif_specimens","natureserve_explorer"],"source_url":"https://dev.alabama.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/3577","state_rank":"SNA"},"source_refs":["al_atlas","al_invasive","gbif_specimens","natureserve_explorer"],"source_url":"https://dev.alabama.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/3577","state_rank":{"value":"SNA"}},"fit_inputs":{"light":[4,4],"moisture":[0,4],"ph":null},"fit_provenance":{"light":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","moisture":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition"},"fit_record":{"band":"Severe harm","condition_evidence":{"light":{"evidence_id":"fact:1faf14a3696241787e012544747093ae1a31514285ebbdc4034842dc3bfc5561","levels":[4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[4,4],"scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"semantics":"source_light_categories_preserved_without_hour_conversion","source_field":"light","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"},"moisture":{"evidence_id":"fact:6bf5c91618cacd8830187531572a59c0e7f82192610c38fcfd13242ea17b2a22","levels":[0,3,4],"policy":"selected-condition-categories-2","range":[0,4],"scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"semantics":"documented_native_habitat_conditions","source_field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_label":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition","source_url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/","status":"mapped_selected_fact"}},"county_fips":["01003","01005","01011","01013","01031","01035","01049","01061","01069","01081","01099","01101","01109","12001","12009","12011","12013","12015","12017","12019","12021","12023","12027","12029","12031","12035","12039","12041","12043","12045","12047","12049","12051","12053","12055","12057","12059","12061","12063","12065","12067","12069","12071","12073","12075","12077","12079","12081","12083","12085","12086","12091","12093","12095","12097","12099","12101","12103","12105","12107","12109","12111","12113","12115","12117","12119","12121","12123","12125","12127","12129","12131"],"fit_inputs":{"light":[4,4],"moisture":[0,4],"ph":null},"fit_note":"Shared sunlight, moisture and pH calculation; county geography is an additional layer. Missing source traits remain unknown.","fit_provenance":{"light":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","moisture":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition"},"garden_suitability":{"default_excluded":false,"flags":[],"review_status":"not_assessed","suggestions_excluded":false},"invasive_rank":true,"native_eligible":false,"quercus_score":-55,"state":"AL"},"garden_suitability":{"default_excluded":false,"flags":[],"review_status":"not_assessed","suggestions_excluded":false},"growing_observations":{"botanical_review_primary_flower_color":{"matched_name":"Solanum viarum","review_decision":{"reason":"Single consistent flower-color category across the main reference sources; normalization of existing observations, not a fresh anatomical verification.","sources":["solanum-viarum--ncsu_sitemap"],"status":"source_recorded","value":"white"},"review_note":"Single consistent flower-color category across the main reference sources; normalization of existing observations, not a fresh anatomical verification.","review_sources":[{"approved_for_correction":true,"evidence_kind":"existing_structured_source_observation","excerpt":"{\"flower_color\": [\"White\"], \"light\": [\"Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)\"]}","retrieved":"2026-10-04T02:45:21.808337+00:00","sha256":"4210a642b60cfb6db4059715b2f7c8730437f6c68af33c3cb5e75c12a03e0fc2","source_record_id":null,"title":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/"}],"review_status":"source_recorded","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/","values":{"primary_flower_color":"white"}},"floraquest_carolinas_georgia":{"matched_name":"Solanum viarum","retrieved":"2026-10-04T13:31:16.252589+00:00","scope":{"kind":"region","region_id":"floraquest_nc_sc_ga"},"scope_note":"Original regional ecological and identification evidence; no location-specific gardening adjustments.","source_label":"Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition","source_name":"Solanum viarum","source_record_id":5096,"source_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/","trait_evidence":[{"field":"habitat_description","source_column":"HabitatText","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":5096,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Pastures, roadsides, other disturbed areas."},{"field":"geographic_range_description","source_column":"Description","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":5096,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Native of South America (s. Brazil, Paraguay, and n. Argentina). This species only appeared in our area a few decades ago, but has been publicized as a severe, extremely aggressive, and rapidly spreading weed (Wunderlin et al. 1993; Mullahey et al. 1993; Mullahey 1996)."},{"field":"phenology_source_text","source_column":"Phenology","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":5096,"source_table":"Organism","value":"Apr-Sep (-Mar)."},{"field":"taxonomic_synonymy","source_column":"Synonymy","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":5096,"source_table":"Organism","value":"[= Fl6, FNA14, K1, K4, NS, POWO, WH3; = n/a — Pa, RAB]"},{"field":"habitat_moisture_categories","source_column":"Attr2","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":5096,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Dry","Moist","Wet"]},{"field":"habitat_light_categories","source_column":"Attr3","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":5096,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":["Partial shade","Full sun"]},{"field":"graphic_key_source_attributes","source_column":"Attr0..25","source_database_sha256":"684f6b364ff9f3023aa61ed02ae50f6f6d6d4d3bcf76847b78ab769ae0453469","source_record_id":5096,"source_table":"GraphicKey","value":{"Attr0":"gr14","Attr1":"nc_cp,sc_cp,sc_mt,sc_pd,ga_cp,ga_mt,ga_pd,","Attr11":"pin","Attr12":"lob","Attr13":"nt,to","Attr14":"Bl14,Bl24,Bl5,Bl9","Attr15":"wh","Attr16":"n","Attr17":"rad","Attr18":"5","Attr19":"gr,wh","Attr2":"Dry,Moist,Wet","Attr20":"y","Attr21":"F2","Attr3":"Part,Sun","Attr3a":"n","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_cp:n,native_sc_cp:n,native_sc_mt:n,native_sc_pd:n,native_ga_cp:n,native_ga_mt:n,native_ga_pd:n,","Attr4":" 1-12","Attr5":"s","Attr6":"x","Attr7":"n,y","Attr8":"alt","Attr9":"sim"}}],"values":{"geographic_range_description":"Native of South America (s. Brazil, Paraguay, and n. Argentina). This species only appeared in our area a few decades ago, but has been publicized as a severe, extremely aggressive, and rapidly spreading weed (Wunderlin et al. 1993; Mullahey et al. 1993; Mullahey 1996).","graphic_key_source_attributes":{"Attr0":"gr14","Attr1":"nc_cp,sc_cp,sc_mt,sc_pd,ga_cp,ga_mt,ga_pd,","Attr11":"pin","Attr12":"lob","Attr13":"nt,to","Attr14":"Bl14,Bl24,Bl5,Bl9","Attr15":"wh","Attr16":"n","Attr17":"rad","Attr18":"5","Attr19":"gr,wh","Attr2":"Dry,Moist,Wet","Attr20":"y","Attr21":"F2","Attr3":"Part,Sun","Attr3a":"n","Attr3a_subregion":"native_nc_cp:n,native_sc_cp:n,native_sc_mt:n,native_sc_pd:n,native_ga_cp:n,native_ga_mt:n,native_ga_pd:n,","Attr4":" 1-12","Attr5":"s","Attr6":"x","Attr7":"n,y","Attr8":"alt","Attr9":"sim"},"habitat_description":"Pastures, roadsides, other disturbed areas.","habitat_light_categories":["Partial shade","Full sun"],"habitat_moisture_categories":["Dry","Moist","Wet"],"phenology_source_text":"Apr-Sep (-Mar).","taxonomic_synonymy":"[= Fl6, FNA14, K1, K4, NS, POWO, WH3; = n/a — Pa, RAB]"}},"forest_service":{"identity_basis":"Exact existing catalog or state-source name","matched_name":"Solanum viarum","retrieved":"2026-10-01T13:43:24.168909+00:00","scope":"Source botanical description; original units and scope retained","scoring_allowed":false,"source_label":"Fire Effects Information System: Solanum viarum","source_sha256":"af26ac7cd25afc13639acf29d59b03f141f26fa7995903db02bdf8cb53acc205","source_url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/solvia","trait_evidence":[{"catalog_id":"nc:solanum-viarum","field":"height_description","height_description":"It typically grows from 3 to 6 feet (1-2 m) tall, and the leaves and stems are lined with thorn-like prickles up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) long [70].","life_stage":"general_botanical_description","matched_name":"Solanum viarum","paragraph_sha256":"d3077ad3a00d30d5fc2ec9930de03cb1e87e420045e3cbc5a005ecfc487fd9bf","retrieved":"2026-10-01T13:43:24.168909+00:00","review_status":"reviewed","source_quote":"In North America, tropical soda apple has been described as a broadleaf herb [23,69,102], subshrub [59], or shrub [59,108]. In India, it is considered a \"woody\" herb [80]. It is generally a perennial where it occurs in warm climates [11,23,70] and may remain green over the winter [23,59]. In places that experience frost, tropical soda apple may be an annual [11]. It typically grows from 3 to 6 feet (1-2 m) tall, and the leaves and stems are lined with thorn-like prickles up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) long [70]. Leaves are 2 to 8 inches (6-20 cm) long × 2 to 6 inches (6-15 cm) wide [70]. Its inflorescence is a 1- to 3- flowered cyme [108]. Fruits are globular berries. They are typically about 0.8 to 1 inch (2-3 cm) in diameter at maturity [70], but viable seed may develop in ripe fruits as small as 0.4 inch (1 cm) in diameter [11] (see Germination). As fruits ripen, they transition from green to yellow [85]. The seeds are lens-shaped [102] and about 2 mm long [108].","source_section":"Solanum viarum, tropical soda apple / Botanical Description / Aboveground Characteristics","source_sha256":"af26ac7cd25afc13639acf29d59b03f141f26fa7995903db02bdf8cb53acc205","source_title":"Fire Effects Information System: Solanum viarum","source_url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/solvia"}],"values":{"height_description":"It typically grows from 3 to 6 feet (1-2 m) tall, and the leaves and stems are lined with thorn-like prickles up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) long [70]."}},"ncsu_sitemap":{"matched_name":"Solanum viarum","retrieved":"2026-10-04T02:45:21.808337+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Source-reported species characteristics; not a location-specific estimate.","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_sha256":"4210a642b60cfb6db4059715b2f7c8730437f6c68af33c3cb5e75c12a03e0fc2","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/","trait_evidence":[{"expected_source_name":"Solanum viarum","field":"flower_color","original_field":"flower_color","record_id":"trait:3f8fee99fdd6c35bbf50907ba19073a6c733234ceb692dfa0d060a6356ff6228","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:45:21.808337+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Solanum viarum","source_sha256":"4210a642b60cfb6db4059715b2f7c8730437f6c68af33c3cb5e75c12a03e0fc2","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:4c2b5059-04e0-5081-a338-0c968eec5ccd","value":["White"]},{"expected_source_name":"Solanum viarum","field":"height_description","original_field":"height","record_id":"trait:40e1007b234d0f5023ffa7edb0b0386d61946ec661b2b69819554117b9292b96","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:45:21.808337+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Solanum viarum","source_sha256":"4210a642b60cfb6db4059715b2f7c8730437f6c68af33c3cb5e75c12a03e0fc2","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:4c2b5059-04e0-5081-a338-0c968eec5ccd","value":{"max":6,"min":3,"unit":"feet"}},{"expected_source_name":"Solanum viarum","field":"life_cycle","original_field":"life_cycle","record_id":"trait:8f8b9e7cf718f2572bb6b2ac92c0fde0d1851091ae4d53237b0b5bd7ee8480a9","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:45:21.808337+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Solanum viarum","source_sha256":"4210a642b60cfb6db4059715b2f7c8730437f6c68af33c3cb5e75c12a03e0fc2","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:4c2b5059-04e0-5081-a338-0c968eec5ccd","value":["Perennial"]},{"expected_source_name":"Solanum viarum","field":"leaf_habit","original_field":"leaf_habit","record_id":"trait:b4b62aaed3215a1a097cb753f643a224c178d3eef1f8b52c2e04554a800bb975","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:45:21.808337+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Solanum viarum","source_sha256":"4210a642b60cfb6db4059715b2f7c8730437f6c68af33c3cb5e75c12a03e0fc2","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:4c2b5059-04e0-5081-a338-0c968eec5ccd","value":["Deciduous"]},{"expected_source_name":"Solanum viarum","field":"spread_description","original_field":"spread","record_id":"trait:c93f58bf75be2c2dda2f991b1a4f93cb4345f38b944f5c3e182668e281d7d860","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:45:21.808337+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Solanum viarum","source_sha256":"4210a642b60cfb6db4059715b2f7c8730437f6c68af33c3cb5e75c12a03e0fc2","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:4c2b5059-04e0-5081-a338-0c968eec5ccd","value":{"max":6,"min":3,"unit":"feet"}},{"expected_source_name":"Solanum viarum","field":"light","original_field":"light","record_id":"trait:ef1108e67c44dc00800cdbd4b49eb342d97ec512bac7976bad1a25b089b42c4a","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:45:21.808337+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Solanum viarum","source_sha256":"4210a642b60cfb6db4059715b2f7c8730437f6c68af33c3cb5e75c12a03e0fc2","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-viarum/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:4c2b5059-04e0-5081-a338-0c968eec5ccd","value":["Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)"]}],"values":{"flower_color":["White"],"height_description":"3–6 feet","leaf_habit":["Deciduous"],"life_cycle":["Perennial"],"light":["Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)"],"spread_description":"3–6 feet"}}},"light_range":["full sun","full sun"],"light_source":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","native_synthesis":{"claims":[{"claim":"introduced","flag":"N","matched_name":"Solanum viarum","scope":"AL","source":"al_atlas","url":"https://dev.alabama.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/3577"},{"claim":"introduced","scope":"AL","source":"al_invasive","url":"https://www.se-eppc.org/alabama/2012-updatedALIPCinvasiveplantlist.pdf"},{"claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Solanum viarum","scope":"L48","source":"usda","text":"L48:I","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"},{"basis":"range text names a native range outside North America","claim":"introduced","scope":"NC-SC-GA","source":"floraquest_carolinas_georgia","text":"Native of South America (s. Brazil, Paraguay, and n. Argentina). This species only appeared in our area a few decades ago, but has been publicized as a severe, extremely aggressive, and rapidly spreading weed (Wunderlin et al. 1993; Mullahey et al. 1993; Mullahey 1996).","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"range text names a native range outside North America","claim":"introduced","scope":"AL-MS-TN","source":"floraquest_south_central","text":"Native of South America (s. Brazil, Paraguay, and n. Argentina). This species only appeared in our area a few decades ago, but has been publicized as a severe, extremely aggressive, and rapidly spreading weed (Wunderlin et al. 1993; Mullahey et al. 1993; Mullahey 1996).","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"alien asterisk: exotic throughout the Flora area","claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Solanum viarum","scope":"AL-AR-DC-DE-FL-GA-KY-LA-MD-MS-NC-NJ-PA-SC-TN-VA-WV","source":"weakley_fsus","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"Native field of the South Central edition; the state is in its distribution","claim":"introduced","record_id":5096,"scope":"AL-MS-TN","source":"floraquest_south_central","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"NatureServe subnational native or exotic flag for this state","claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Solanum viarum","scope":"AL","source":"natureserve_explorer","srank":"SNA","url":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.150308/Solanum_viarum"}],"county_native_range":"unresolved","decided_by":"al_atlas","explanation":"Alabama Plant Atlas (published flora, state claim) gives the value, over a broader claim from a higher tier. Speaks for its own area (GA-NC-SC), not this state: Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition.","label":"Not native to Alabama","provenance":{"flags":["over_higher_tier"],"source":"al_atlas","specificity":"state","tier":"published_flora"},"rule":"fact-hierarchy-2","status":"not_native"},"source_name":"Solanum viarum","taxon_id":"taxon:4c2b5059-04e0-5081-a338-0c968eec5ccd","revision":"publish:cdb975f5-333c-4482-92bd-514ef43ee9c3","photos":[{"id":"solanum-viarum-2815935","src":"/api/photos/image/d967137701dbf4100a10cd691e183f7f99983510ad3bc20e587fbca0bf639656.jpg","view":"bloom","alt":"Solanum viarum — flower photograph","width":960,"height":1459,"artist":"James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org","license":"CC BY 3.0 us","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/deed.en","source_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_viarum_2132028.jpg","changes":"Wikimedia thumbnail; no crop or retouching","kind":"photo"}]}