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this species is an increasingly aggressive invasive across much of our region.","habitat_light_categories":["Partial shade","Full shade","Full sun"],"habitat_moisture_categories":["Dry","Moist","Wet"],"heliophily_index":6,"phenology_source_text":"Oct-Nov; Mar-Apr.","taxonomic_synonymy":"[= Ar, FNA10, K1, K4, NcTx, NE, NS, POWO, RAB, Tn, Va, WH3; = n/a — C, Tat]"}},"forest_service":{"identity_basis":"Exact existing catalog or state-source name","matched_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","retrieved":"2026-10-01T13:42:36.785032+00:00","scope":"Source botanical description; original units and scope retained","scoring_allowed":false,"source_label":"Fire Effects Information System: Elaeagnus pungens","source_sha256":"9ad3c49eb4e2b2a109e153b699b1cf63a64a128bae86a7c256263fe0ee49f3e9","source_url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/elapun","trait_evidence":[{"catalog_id":"nc:elaeagnus-pungens","field":"height_description","height_description":"may reach 25 feet (7.6 m) tall","life_stage":"general_botanical_description","matched_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","paragraph_sha256":"2a348355413d10144a33b027f7a1c75875d2fd8a5c363c8ff8c3395689e80756","retrieved":"2026-10-01T13:42:36.785032+00:00","review_status":"reviewed","source_quote":"Thorny-olive is a multistemmed, freely branched, dense shrub [22,37,42]. It may reach 25 feet (7.6 m) tall and 15 feet (4.6 m) wide [15,37]. Once established, thorny-olive produces prolific, fast-growing stem sprouts, which allow shrubs to increase in size and \"scramble\" through neighboring vegetation [22,37]. Stem bark is armed with \"rather nasty\", 2- to 3-inch (5-8 cm) long thorns [15]. Leaves are simple, evergreen, arranged alternately, and typically measure 1.6 to 4 inches (4-10 cm) long and less than half as wide [15,42]. The undersides of leaves are ashy white and flecked with brown scales [60]. Thorny-olive produces tubular flowers that are about 1 cm long and occur in clusters of up to 3 [37]. Fruits are single-seeded drupes that are 1 to 1.5 cm long [37,42].","source_section":"Elaeagnus pungens, thorny-olive / Botanical Description","source_sha256":"9ad3c49eb4e2b2a109e153b699b1cf63a64a128bae86a7c256263fe0ee49f3e9","source_title":"Fire Effects Information System: Elaeagnus pungens","source_url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/elapun"}],"values":{"height_description":"may reach 25 feet (7.6 m) tall"}},"ncsu_sitemap":{"matched_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","retrieved":"2026-10-04T02:34:51.045951+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Source-reported species characteristics; not a location-specific estimate.","source_label":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","source_sha256":"95eadc3b59eea6ff3e9405159e00a2eec2d24455d43815f04dd29d8ecbce4ee1","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/elaeagnus-pungens/","trait_evidence":[{"expected_source_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","field":"moisture_categories","original_field":"soil_moisture","record_id":"trait:0f8b77d72b43001f36e8e3a8fbfe1a89e18bf456703fa6e1e04b933fcd77e61c","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:34:51.045951+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; 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distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","source_sha256":"95eadc3b59eea6ff3e9405159e00a2eec2d24455d43815f04dd29d8ecbce4ee1","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/elaeagnus-pungens/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:be0fdafb-e2ea-50fe-a59e-7199b241a637","value":["Gray/Silver","White"]},{"expected_source_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","field":"leaf_habit","original_field":"leaf_habit","record_id":"trait:a8ae9b68d75c259b83876b2c2ae7dcfa3cd84a4c51e2b92f230d80158db3f021","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:34:51.045951+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","source_sha256":"95eadc3b59eea6ff3e9405159e00a2eec2d24455d43815f04dd29d8ecbce4ee1","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/elaeagnus-pungens/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:be0fdafb-e2ea-50fe-a59e-7199b241a637","value":["Broadleaf Evergreen"]},{"expected_source_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","field":"hardiness_zones","original_field":"hardiness","record_id":"trait:c92bc1592843bbcfa7872d547a04ce85ee9bc91e2a16fc9db9442bf737a0e4b7","retrieved_at":"2026-10-04T02:34:51.045951+00:00","scope":{"kind":"unspecified"},"scope_note":"Species profile; distribution and native-status discovery filters do not establish local growing or bloom timing.","source":"ncsu","source_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","source_sha256":"95eadc3b59eea6ff3e9405159e00a2eec2d24455d43815f04dd29d8ecbce4ee1","source_url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/elaeagnus-pungens/","status":"eligible_fact","taxon_id":"taxon:be0fdafb-e2ea-50fe-a59e-7199b241a637","value":["7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b"]}],"values":{"flower_color":["Gray/Silver","White"],"hardiness_zones":["7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b"],"leaf_habit":["Broadleaf Evergreen"],"life_cycle":["Woody"],"light":["Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)","Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)"],"moisture_categories":["Occasionally Dry","Occasionally Wet"],"soil_ph_categories":["Acid (<6.0)","Alkaline (>8.0)","Neutral (6.0-8.0)"]}}},"light_range":["part shade","full sun"],"light_source":"NC Extension Plant Toolbox","native_synthesis":{"claims":[{"claim":"introduced","flag":"N","matched_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","scope":"AL","source":"al_atlas","url":"https://dev.alabama.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/1713"},{"claim":"introduced","scope":"AL","source":"al_invasive","url":"https://www.se-eppc.org/alabama/2012-updatedALIPCinvasiveplantlist.pdf"},{"claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","scope":"L48","source":"usda","text":"L48:I","url":"https://plants.usda.gov/"},{"basis":"range text names a native range outside North America","claim":"introduced","scope":"NC-SC-GA","source":"floraquest_carolinas_georgia","text":"Native of Japan.","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"range text names a native range outside North America","claim":"introduced","scope":"AL-MS-TN","source":"floraquest_south_central","text":"Native of Japan.","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"alien asterisk: exotic throughout the Flora area","claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","scope":"AL-AR-DC-DE-FL-GA-KY-LA-MD-MS-NC-NJ-PA-SC-TN-VA-WV","source":"weakley_fsus","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"Native field of the South Central edition; the state is in its distribution","claim":"introduced","record_id":3266,"scope":"AL-MS-TN","source":"floraquest_south_central","url":"https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/"},{"basis":"NatureServe subnational native or exotic flag for this state","claim":"introduced","matched_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","scope":"AL","source":"natureserve_explorer","srank":"SNA","url":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.131516/Elaeagnus_pungens"}],"county_native_range":"unresolved","decided_by":"al_atlas","explanation":"Alabama Plant Atlas (published flora, state claim) gives the value, over a broader claim from a higher tier. Speaks for its own area (GA-NC-SC), not this state: Weakley, Flora of the Southeastern United States (2025), Carolinas & Georgia edition.","label":"Not native to Alabama","provenance":{"flags":["over_higher_tier"],"source":"al_atlas","specificity":"state","tier":"published_flora"},"rule":"fact-hierarchy-2","status":"not_native"},"source_name":"Elaeagnus pungens","taxon_id":"taxon:be0fdafb-e2ea-50fe-a59e-7199b241a637","revision":"publish:cdb975f5-333c-4482-92bd-514ef43ee9c3","photos":[{"id":"elaeagnus-pungens-63435976","src":"/api/photos/image/af0b0739e38760cc5314e96d680f5b60f6e6fe8b74106b6700a74f4f48475bc5.jpg","view":"whole","alt":"Elaeagnus pungens — whole photograph","width":960,"height":1440,"artist":"James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org","license":"CC BY 3.0 us","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/deed.en","source_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus_pungens_2307057.jpg","changes":"Wikimedia thumbnail; no crop or retouching","kind":"photo"}]}